0.3. Navigating the Presentation (Help Page)

Keyboard Shortcuts: Hypertext Version

a.

Along with clickable links, keyboard shortcuts can be used for navigating the hypertext project. The shift key is not needed.
•Next page: "N" or ">" [period key]
•Previous page: "P" or "<" [comma key]
•Start (Title) page: "0" [zero]
•Last (End) page: "L"
•TOC (toggle to show/hide it): "T" ("C" to Close)
•Map of all pages: "M" ("Backwards" returns to the prior page)
•One-page version (toggle to show/hide it): "O"
•Return to the hypertext format (from the one-page version): "R"
•Display all hidden notes (=Show button): "D"
•Whisk away (hide) all displayed notes (=Hide button): "W"
•View the History queue of pages visited: "V"
•Backwards to the prior page viewed (as listed in the History): "B"
•Forwards to the following page viewed (as listed in History): "F"
•Help in brief (toggle to show/hide it): "H" ("C" to Close)
•Summaries always displayed (toggle on/off): "S"
•eXit the entire project (from the END page): "X"

b.

See below for details on the navigation functions.

Footer: Next and Previous Pages; Start and End Pages

The footer at the bottom of the screen, will present several links that allow one to return to the PREVious page within the presentation's linear sequence (outline structure) or else to proceed to the NEXT page in the linear sequence. The footer links will vary depending on the current page that is being visited.

To access the start page or the final page of the presentation, click the TOC (Table of Contents) link. The footer will now contain links to the START and END pages.

When proceeding forwards through the project's linear structure via clicking the NEXT link, one ultimately will arrive at the END page. Similarly, when clicking the PREVious link, the viewer will return eventually to the START page of the entire project.

Outline Tree within Sections

The outline that is displayed within each page (screen) has clickable links to other sections of the main content, as well as to subsections within the current section. Also, there are links to the brief version of the Navigation Help and to the one-page, full-text version of the presentation. (For more details on the one-page format, read Section 3.11. below).

The visible outline structure covers the main content of the project. It also includes links for the END (final) page and the START (title) page.

Table of Contents (TOC)

Clicking the TOC link will display a table of contents that lists all pages of the presentation, including the START page (and the rest of the front matter), as well as the END page.

In addition, the TOC contains links for accessing the brief version of the Navigation Help and for exiting the project.

To open the TOC, you also can press the "T" key. To close the TOC, press the "T" key again or else the "C" key. Using the standard navigation operations described above, such as the clickable links or the "N" or "P" keys, will also close the TOC and take you to that new page.

Alternately, the "M" key—or map feature—transports you to a list of pages, "0.7. Sub/Sections (Map)", with hypertext links to the pages herein.

The Show / Hide Feature

Clicking the SHOW buttons found on some of the hypertext pages will display further information, such as notes and quotations.

Once the previously hidden text is displayed, clicking the HIDE button will conceal it from view.

The "D" key displays all hidden notes, which are marked by the Show buttons found on some hypertext pages. Conversely, the "W" key whisks away—hides—all revealed notes, which are labeled by the Hide buttons on a hypertext page.

Not all hypertext pages contain Show/Hide buttons.

The Summaries Display Feature

The Summaries Display feature can toggle (on or off) whether each page of the hypertext presentation automatically shows its summary text, if present. The default at the start is for all available summaries to be revealed.

Summaries displayed via this feature cannot be hidden by the "W" key or by clicking on the associated button. The Summaries Display feature first must be toggled off.

Tap the "S" key to activate the Summaries Display toggle.

If the Summaries Display feature is already enabled (i.e., on), then toggling if off will allow one to hide the summaries via measures described on this navigation help page. A short sound will be heard while toggling the feature off.

If the Summaries Display feature has been previously disabled (i.e., off), then toggling it on will cause all hypertext pages with summaries to automatically display the summary content. A longer sound will be heard while toggling the feature on. When toggled on, all displayed summaries cannot be hidden by the methods detailed elsewhere, until this feature is turned off.

Because the page summaries are coded like the Show / Hide notes, they will display the SHOW buttons when the Summaries display feature is later toggled off. Conversely, the summaries will present HIDE buttons for those pages that had been previously accessed when the Summaries display feature was active.

Do Not Use the <Backspace> Key

Do *not* use the <Backspace> key to navigate, because (at least in some browsers) it may not function as expected or may exit the project.

If you wish to go to the previous sequential page, then click the PREV link in the footer or use the "P" shortcut key.

Exiting the Presentation

To exit the project and go to the W.E.B. Du Bois site:
•click the link to "webdubois.org" located on the footer's left side; or
•click the EXIT link found at the bottom of the TOC menu; or
•click the EXIT link located in the footer of the END page; or
•press the "X" key while at the END page.

To exit the project and go to my Lectures page on the W.E.B. Du Bois site, click the "lectures" part of the link found on the left side of the footer.

Note: One cannot exit from the one-page version. One must be viewing the hypertext presentation.

History—or Pages Viewed—Feature

While in the hypertext version of the project, one can return again the pages previously viewed in the reverse order in which they were accessed. Press the "B" key for this backwards movement through the History queue. Once one has been moving through the History queue, press the "F" key to move forwards through it.

If one has reached the beginning of the History queue (i.e., no earlier pages visited) or has arrived at the end of the queue (i.e., no further pages visited), then a beep-like sound will be heard in browsers like Chorme and Opera. Internet Explorer does not generate a sound. Regardless of the browser, the page displayed will not change when the history queue has reached an end.

Note: Once pages have been visited or revisited in the presentation, then for each new page accessed the earliest page will be removed from the History queue so that the new page can be added to it. Pages removed from the queue in this process cannot be revisited through the History feature, only via the usual methods of navigation described herein.

To view all pages listed in the History queue, as well as the relative position of the currently viewed page, press the "V" key to display a pop-up, intra-browser window (alert box) with those details.

Note that when any page is accessed via the standard navigation methods (i.e., Next, Previous, TOC, Outline tree) and not via the Forwards or Backwards operations of the History feature, that page is placed at the end of the queue. Hence, even if the newly navigated page were accessed while stepping through the History, it is still placed at the end of the queue.

Accessing Help within the Presentation

To access this Help page, you will find a clickable link in the table of contents (TOC) at item "0.3. Navigation (Help)".

Note: Press the letter "B" key to retrace your steps to the page you were viewing before the Navigation Help was accessed. The number of pages involved in this retracing process depends on whether you were within the History queue or at its end point. Read Subsection 0.3.8. above to learn how the History feature operates.

Pressing the "H" key within a page (except this one) will activate a brief version of the Help function, emphasizing the keyboard shortcuts and the ways to exit the project. To close the "Help (in Brief)" press the "H" key again or else the "C" key. The standard navigation operations identified herein, including the clickable links or the "N" or "P" keys, will also quit the "Help (in Brief)" and put you on that other page.

Also, the brief version of the Help can be accessed via a link, "Navigation Help (Brief)", which is located at the bottom of the left-side navigation bar and at the bottom of the table of contents.

In addition, pressing the small "H" on the header's right-side will toggle the display of the "Help (in Brief)" on a page (except this one which does not display an "H").

The One-Page, Full-Text Version of the Presentation

For purposes of reading or printing, the full text of this otherwise hypertext-oriented presentation can be accessed sequentially as ONE PAGE in the current window. Note that the images found on the pages that start each hypertext section are not displayed in the one-page version.

Also, one can access the one-page, full-text version via the left navigation menu and via the Table of Contents (TOC) menu.

Within the one-page version navigation menus are located at the top and bottom of the page, as well as between the major sections.

To exit the page of sequential text and resume the hypertext-based presentation, click one of the links labeled "Return to Hypertext Format". They are located at the top and bottom of the full text, as well as between the major sections.

Please do *not* use the <Backspace> key for navigation. Under specific conditions it will dump you completely out of the full-text page as well as the presentation itself, at least with some browsers.

The one-page version does not possess the same History functionality as the hypertext presentation.

Easter Egg

Thanks for reaching this far in the help page.

Clicking the image on the presentation's start/title page will cycle sequentially through three images: first, the Du Bois bust at Clark Atlanta University, next the Du Bois Statue at Fisk University, and then the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial in Washington, D.C., finally returning to the first image.

0.3. Navigating the Presentation's One-Page Format (Help)

This page contains the full text of the hypertext-oriented presentation arranged sequentially in one window. Any information, including images, revealed via the SHOW buttons of the hypertext version are displayed herein.

The one-page format does not display any images located on the pages that start each hypertext section.

Within this one-page, full-text version one will find a navigation menu at the top and bottom of the page, as well as between the major sections.

To return to the hypertext-based lecture, click the menu link labeled "Return to Hypertext Format". Or press the "R" key, or the letter "O" key.

One can only exit the entire presentation while in the hypertext version. Read the hypertext Navigation Help subsection entitled "Exiting the Presentation" for details.

Do *not* use the <Backspace> key because it may exit the presentation.

The "M" key will take you to the "0.7. Sub/Sections (Map)", which lists—or maps—the one-page version. The links allow movement within this page.

This one-page format does not possess the same History functionality as the hypertext version.

While in the one-page version you can view the Help info by pressing the "H" key once. To go back to the place where you initially invoked Help, press the "B" key. Or else, pressing "H" a second time, but before pressing "B", will return you to your initial place (and render the "B" key moot).

•Caveat: After tapping "H" to access Help, if next you scroll the page via navigation keys or mouse wheel without having pressed "B" once or "H" a second time, then a later tap of "H" takes you to Help and makes the "B" key moot. This caveat does not apply if scrolling via touch screen or scroll bar.

0.4. Online Availability of Texts

0.4.1.

This presentation online:

a.

www.webdubois.org/lectures/cau2018.html

b.

One-page format: www.webdubois.org/lectures/cau2018.pdf

c.

Lectures page: www.webdubois.org/lectures/rwlectures.html

0.4.2.

Martin Luther King Jr.'s text "Honoring Dr. Du Bois":

a.

King, Martin Luther, Jr. 1968. "Honoring Dr. Du Bois, 1970". S.l.: s.n. Located in the W.E.B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312), Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries. [Credo metadata: "Contributor(s): Freedomways Associates"]. URL: http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b287-i008 (page facsimile).

b.

In html format: http://www.webdubois.org/works/mlk-hddb.html.

c.

Online sources for other cited texts by King are listed in Section 7.2.

0.4.3.

W.E.B. Du Bois's texts:

a.

The Works Cited section (Section 7) contains many links to online sources for his primary texts cited in this presentation: Section 7.1.

b.

My website also provides links to various Du Boisian primary sources. One can check the site map or visit the Sources page.

0.5. Robert W. Williams: Bio in Brief

I am a Political Science professor at Bennett College in Greensboro, NC. There I teach a range of courses in the field, including those of my academic specialization, political theory. Expanding on my graduate education in modern, contemporary, and critical theories, I also teach courses on African American political thought and on W.E.B. Du Bois. Previously, I taught at Livingstone College in Salisbury, NC.

My research concentrates typically on meta-theoretical analyses that address the assumptions and implications underpinning the theories themselves. My previous studies have focused on environmental justice, the spatiality of politics, and cyber-politics. I focus my current efforts on the philosophical dimensions of W.E.B. Du Bois's thought, especially as they relate to his philosophy of social inquiry. Such efforts also involve studying the intellectual context of his era. In addition, I conduct digital humanities research on Du Bois (projects page).

My curriculum vitae (online) contains more information on my research and teaching experiences. Also listed on the C.V. are my other conference presentations on Du Bois (lectures page).

My college email address: rwilliams[at]bennett.edu

My personal academic websites:
•www.webdubois.org

•www.nightspaces.org

At academia.edu: https://bennett.academia.edu/RobertWilliams

0.6. Acknowledgments and Copyrights

0.6.1. Acknowledgments:
I wish to thank the many and various persons who have assisted me and made this presentation possible. Arranged alphabetically, the list includes:

•Dr. Gwendolyn Bookman, Chair, Political Science & Sociology, Bennett College;

•Dr. Obie Clayton, Director, Center for Undergraduate Research & Creativity, Clark Atlanta University;

•Ms. Kamilah Cole, Assistant Director, Center for Undergraduate Research & Creativity, Clark Atlanta University;

•Dr. Barbara Harris Combs, Sociology & Criminal Justice, Clark Atlanta University;

•Dr. Mark Ferguson, Political Science, Bennett College;

•Mr. Gino Francesconi, Director, Carnegie Hall Archives and Museum;

•Prof. Yamu Kurewa and the Bennett College Faculty Development Committee;

•Ms. Nadine McCain-Smith, Divisional Administrative Assistant, Bennett College;

•Mr. Shapell Ruiss, Copy Center Manager, Bennett College.

•Dr. Shenna Shearin, Chemistry, Bennett College; and

•Ms. Lorraine Tutt, Assistant Controller, Bennett College.

0.6.2. Copyrights and Fair Use:
The various image files found in this presentation are copyrighted by their respective owners or registrants. The image files herein are used for educational purposes only and in accordance with the guidelines of "educational fair use". If anyone has a concern regarding an image file, please contact Dr. Robert W. Williams (rwilliams[at]bennett.edu).

0.7. Sub/Sections (Map)

0.0. Start (Title) Page
•0.1. Abstract
•0.2. About This Presentation
•0.3. Navigating the Presentation (Help Page)
•0.4. Online Availability of Texts
•0.5. Robert W. Williams: Bio in Brief
•0.6. Acknowledgments and Copyrights
•0.7. Sub/Sections (Map)

1.0. Introduction
•1.1. The Abiding Themes of "Honoring Dr. Du Bois"
•1.2. Specific Goals of the Presentation

2.0. "Honoring Dr. Du Bois"
•2.1. The Occasion
•2.2. The Tribute
•2.3. Du Bois's Research/Activism Nexus

3.0. Du Boisian Nescience
•3.1. Types of Nescience
•3.2. Historical Unknowability
•3.3. Human Unknowability

4.0. Religion and Nescience
•4.1. "Divine Dissatisfaction"
•4.2. Du Bois and Religion
•4.3. Religion as Nescience
•4.4. Du Bois and King on Religion

5.0. 21st Century Relevance
•5.1. Nescience Nowadays
•5.2. Recent Examples

6.0. In Closing (and Appendices)
•6.1. Knowledge and Nescience
•6.2. Appendix 1: Sources on the Du Bois Centennial
•6.3. Appendix 2: Du Bois on Art

7.0. Works Cited
•7.1. Works by W.E.B. Du Bois
•7.2. Works by Martin Luther King, Jr.
•7.3. Works by Others

9.0. Last (End) Page

SECTION 1: Introduction

SECTION 1: Introduction

1.1. The Abiding Themes of "Honoring Dr. Du Bois"

[Section 1.1. Summary.]

•M.L. King's tribute abides because it is a retrospective on W.E.B. Du Bois's research and activism for justice (Du Bois's research/activism nexus).
•King's tribute does not cover Du Bois's views on the limitations of research and the lack of knowledge of some things (i.e., nescience).
•For Du Bois: what we do not know also must inform and motivate our activism.
•Ingress into the idea of Du Boisian nescience is found in King's use of "divine dissatisfaction" within the tribute.
•King's tribute also abides because it offers a prospective way to illustrate Du Bois's relevance today.

In his 1968 tribute "Honoring Dr. Du Bois" Martin Luther King, Jr. praises the civil rights leader and Pan-Africanist as a champion for oppressed peoples around the world, one whose scholarship informs his pursuit of justice and peace (HDDB 1970). King offers us both a retrospective on Du Bois and also a prospective on his relevance to 21st Century social issues. In that sense, his tribute of 50 years ago abides because it highlights how Du Bois's engaged scholarship speaks to us now. King, in his words, emphasizes Du Bois's research in conjunction with organizing. In my words, I say that King concentrates his speech on Du Bois's research/activism nexus. Research and the knowledge gained thereby will in some way inform the activism oriented to social justice.

What King does not set forth in "Honoring" is another aspect of Du Bois's research/activism nexus: namely, that the limitations on scholarly research, which Du Bois himself outlines, entail limitations on the knowledge gained. Such limitations on knowledge involve uncertainty and unknowability, which together I call Du Bois's implicit idea of nescience. As a consequence, for Du Bois, activists who can utilize knowledge in planning and policies must be aware of how the lack of knowledge also can influence actions, especially in terms of what we can know of the past and how values and ideals can guide our actions in the present. Hence, in addition to social research informing activism, Du Bois argues that what we do not know—our nescience—also must inform and motivate our struggles.

Although King does not study Du Boisian nescience, there is a point of ingress within the tribute by which to discuss it: namely, by way of King's characterization of Du Bois as possessing "divine dissatisfaction" about oppression in the world. This term—the first of only two explicitly religious references in King's tribute—points us to one of the types of Du Boisian nescience: the uncertainty of values and ideals, including religious ones, because their normative content cannot be scientifically grounded as objectively real. Here, then, is another abiding dimension of King's tribute. "Honoring Dr. Du Bois" continues to prompt us to new insights: we can examine parallels between King and Du Bois, parallels which on first reading the tribute may not seem obvious. Also, such insights help us to understand Du Bois's relevance in the the 21st Century.

Section 1.2. Specific Goals of the Presentation

[Section 1.2. Summary.]

•Section 2: The occasion of the tribute; the tribute summarized; its main tenets listed.
•Section 3: Du Boisian nescience includes historical unknowability; the lack of direct knowledge of others; the unknowability of ultimate reality; and the normative uncertainty of values and ideals.
•Section 4: Normative uncertainty is discussed in terms of the relationship between science and religion, as expressed by Du Bois and by King.
•Section 5: Du Boisian nescience can be applied to Afrofuturism, the Dakota Access Pipeline protests, the Black Lives Matter movement, and the Moral Mondays protests.

Ultimately, I wish to substantiate the claim that for Du Bois our lack of knowledge has important consequences for the activism that we undertake. In this presentation I will sketch, as part of Section 2, the occasion at which King delivers his speech and then summarize King's tribute with special emphasis on the relationship between research and activism. I briefly note Du Bois's research/activism nexus which supports an interpretation of the role of knowledge in activism.

Yet the continuing pursuit of knowledge by Du Bois does not preclude him from recognizing the lack of knowledge, or nescience. In Section 3, I examine uncertainty and unknowability, outlining in particular:

•historical unknowability; and

•the lack of direct knowledge of others.

This section also covers the corresponding forms of activism suggested by Du Bois.

Section 4 discusses two other types of Du Boisian nescience:

•the unknowability of ultimate reality and cosmic meaning; and

•the normative uncertainty that emerges at the heart of values and ideals—norms that characterize belief systems including religion faiths, but whose content and worth can neither be confirmed nor denied by scientific evidence.

Normative uncertainty sets up an analysis of Du Bois on the relationship between science and religion, both of which are required as part of the activism needed to promote social justice. In such an interconnection Du Bois parallels King. I will note the similarities as well as differences in their views on science vis-à-vis religion.

In Section 5 I apply Du Boisian nescience as described in this presentation to several recent examples of the ongoing struggles against injustice: the Dakota Access Pipeline protests, the Black Lives Matter movement, the Moral Mondays protests, and Afrofuturism.

A Note on the Citation System Used in the Presentation
•Du Bois is referenced within the presentation by an abbreviated title and year of publication. Section 7.1. lists the full references.

•King likewise is referenced by an abbreviated title and year of publication. Also note that herein, King's "Honoring Dr. Du Bois"—HDDB—refers to the 1970 pamphlet. Section 7.2. contains the full references.

SECTION 2: "Honoring Dr. Du Bois"

SECTION 2: "Honoring Dr. Du Bois"

2.1. The Occasion

[Section 2.1. Summary.]

•Freedomways organized a commemoration to honor Du Bois on 23 February 1968, the 100th anniversary of his birth.
•At this "International Cultural Evening" numerous well known luminaries participated.
•Martin Luther King delivered the Centennial Address: "Honoring Dr. Du Bois".

In 1968, a few years after the passing of W.E.B. Du Bois, the periodical Freedomways organized a commemoration to honor the civil rights activist and scholar. Freedomways was a leftist, indeed Communist, publication which Du Bois and his second wife, Shirley Graham, had helped to found and for which they had frequently written. The periodical sought to inform and organize African Americans in the political and cultural struggles against racial and economic oppression in the U.S.A., Africa, and the rest of the world.

Called an "International Cultural Evening", the event convened on 23 February in Carnegie Hall, New York City, on the centennial of Du Bois's birth. The occasion also inaugurated an "International Year" that Freedomways intended as a commemoration of his life and achievements (Freedomways Associates 1968). Numerous well known activists attended the "International Cultural Evening" with the Hall filled or nearly filled to capacity (Davidow 1968; FBI File on James Baldwin). Ossie Davis was the Master of Ceremonies, while Pete Singer and Len Chandler, as well as Lorenz Graham sang, Eleanor McCoy danced, and Cynthia Belgrave read two poems by Du Bois. James Baldwin and Edmund W. Gordon presented their tributes to Du Bois. His wife Shirley Graham sent a cable which was read to the audience.

Dr. Martin Luther King presented after the others and delivered what was billed as the Centennial Address (Freedomways Associates 1968). Freedomways published King's full address in a 1968 issue. A separate pamphlet was printed by Freedomways Associates in 1970.

Appendix 1, which is Section 6.2. ("Sources on the Du Bois Centennial"), outlines various secondary sources that describe the Du Bois commemoration at which King spoke. Such sources include the declassified FBI surveillance files of King, James Baldwin, and Stanley Levison.

2.2. The Tribute

[Section 2.2. Summary.]

•For King: Du Bois's research and activism focus on refuting the myths of racial inferiority.
•King argues: Du Bois, of necessity, intertwines research and organizing.
•The tribute's major tenets (using my terms): Du Bois is an engaged scholar, whose embodiment in Black communities informs his research and activism for justice; Du Bois's search for truth details Africana agency in history, which benefits Whites also because it corrects historical distortions.

2.2.1. Summary of the Tribute
Although "Honoring Dr. Du Bois" is a tribute, it would provide a solid basis for an extended treatise on Du Bois's research and its connection to activism. In the majority of the speech King discusses how Du Bois melded research and activism, or organizing as King calls it, both in the U.S.A. and internationally.

King in the tribute examines the focus of Du Bois's research and activism, saying:

"Dr. Du Bois recognized that the keystone in the arch of [racial] oppression was the myth of inferiority and he dedicated his brilliant talents to demolish it." [HDDB 1970: ¶ 4=pp.1-2]

King sketches several of the important works of sociological and historical research produced by Du Bois over his life that challenged the myths and lies of racial inferiority. He includes The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade, The Philadelphia Negro, the Atlanta University Studies. He emphasizes the importance of Du Bois's magnum opus Black Reconstruction. The book conveys how African Americans during the post-Civil War years were able build the infrastructure for racial uplift—actions which not only illuminate Black agency, but also undercut White supremacist ideology.

In the tribute King emphasizes that Du Bois the scholar becomes Du Bois the organizer—an activist institutionalizing and mobilizing protest. King speaks:

"He soon realized that studies would never adequately be pursued nor changes realized without the mass involvement of Negroes. The scholar then became an organizer and with others founded the NAACP. At the same time he became aware that the expansion of imperialism was a threat to the emergence of Africa." [HDDB 1970: ¶ 12=pp.3-4]

In another passage of the speech that reinforces the connection of researcher and activist, King says:

"Above all he did not content himself with hurling invectives for emotional release and then to retire into smug, passive satisfaction. History had taught him it is not enough for people to be angry—the supreme task is to organize and unite people so that their anger becomes a transforming force. It was never possible to know where the scholar Du Bois ended and the organizer Du Bois began. The two qualities in him were a single, unified force." [HDDB 1970: ¶ 26=pp.8-9]

Overall, "Honoring Dr. Du Bois" have led others to argue that it conveys King's more radically socialist views on racial and social justice (Halpern 2015; West 2015). The tribute joins, for example, King's "Beyond Vietnam" (BV 1967), "The Three Evils of Society" (TEOS 1967); and "Where Do We Go From Here" (WDWG 1967)—speeches that set forth structural-type critiques of social problems and the need, as he proclaims in "Beyond Vietnam", for a "radical revolution of values" (BV 1967).

2.2.2. Major Tenets of the Tribute
King delineates several important tenets about Du Bois that resonate with our application of research to social justice issues today.

Du Bois is an engaged scholar, as we might call him today, for whom organizing and scholarly studies are necessary and intertwined.

Du Bois sought the truth in order to challenge the lies and myths about African Americans. This truth involves what we could call human agency, or as King frames it in a discussion of Black Reconstruction the Black "capacity to govern" (HDDB 1970: ¶ 19=p.6).

Du Bois was of the Black community, not merely an observer of them. We might say today that his embodiment both motivated his drive for justice and also his insights into the possible way to achieve it. King says:

"Whatever else he was, with his multitude of careers and professional titles, he was first and always a black man. He used his richness of talent as a trust for his people. He saw that Negroes were robbed of so many things decisive to their existence that the theft of their history seemed only a small part of their losses. But Dr. Du Bois knew that to lose one's history is to lose one's self-understanding and with it the roots for pride. This drove him to become a historian of Negro life, and the combination of his unique zeal and intellect rescued for all of us a heritage whose loss would have profoundly impoverished us." [HDDB 1970: ¶ 22=pp.7-8]

Whites benefit when the know the truth about African Americans in U.S. history. King says:

"In closing, it would be well to remind white America of its debt to Dr. Du Bois. When they corrupted Negro history they distorted American history, because Negroes are too big a part of the building of this nation to be written out of it without destroying scientific history. White America, drenched with lies about Negroes, has lived too long in a fog of ignorance. Dr. Du Bois gave them a gift of truth for which they should eternally be indebted to him." [HDDB 1970: ¶ 29=pp.9-10]

Accordingly, not to know the truth is damaging to a correct understanding of history, which many Whites claim to espouse.

2.3. Du Bois's Research/Activism Nexus

[Section 2.3. Summary.]

•Du Bois's research/activism nexus: gather knowledge that can guide activism.
•Du Bois seeks knowledge via social research across his life. He never repudiates social research.
•However, Du Bois indicates that we also lack knowledge-about some phenomena because they are unknowable in principle (i.e., Du Boisian nescience).

2.3.1. Knowledge and Action
King in "Honoring" rightly stresses the interaction between Du Bois's research and his activism. Du Bois maintained a life-long pursuit of knowledge to challenge the myths and lies about which King speaks (Alexander 2015; D.L. Lewis 1993 and 2000; Morris 2015; Wright 2016). Du Bois's activism in earlier years focused on distributing the information he gathered in professional and popular presses, speaking in numerous private, public, and government venues, all as a public intellectual (in our current terminology). He notes that the type of research he pursues varies by the activism in which he engages, such as when his duties as Crisis editor supercede most of the field research he previously has conducted (MEPF 1944: ¶ 70). A notable exception is his trip to France in the aftermath of the First World War to survey the treatment of African American troops. His activism continues as a public intellectual, writing and speaking on the social issues of the day. Increasingly, such activities include organizing efforts: marches, boycotts, Pan-African conferences, and his pageants of African American history and uplift.

Upon leaving The Crisis editorship due to ideological differences he returned to his "ivory tower," as he describes it to Moses Asch in an interview (RAMA 1961: Side 2, Band 3). He works on Black Reconstruction and seeks, ultimately unsuccessfully in the 1940s to get the Black Land Grant colleges to do research on African Americans (AUP-21 1941; AUP-22 1943; AUP-23 1944). His activities as a public intellectual widen to include his efforts for organizations promoting world peace, his (unsuccessful) campaign for government office, and further work for the Pan-African movement (AATW 1946; TPAM 1947; see also Mullen 2016; Sinitiere 2013). The last major research project, unfinished at his death in 1963, is his long-sought Encyclopedia Africana.

2.3.2. Our Lack of Knowledge
Yet in the midst of his ongoing quest for knowledge, Du Bois also indicates in numerous places that some things cannot be known at all or cannot known with any certainty. We must act in the world, he argues, regardless of whether knowledge might be gained or not (MEPF 1944: ¶ 72). The relationship of nescience to knowledge is the topic of the next section.
[Note —Limitations on Research.]

In "My Evolving Program for Negro Freedom" Du Bois provides vital details of his views on the limitations of social research (MEPF 1944: ¶¶ 68-75, ¶¶ 122-128).

For an examination of Du Bois's views of the limitations of research vis-à-vis activism and how that understanding conjoined with social events prompt his pursuit of The Crisis editorship, read Williams 2014a and 2014b, or access my 2016 talk, "W.E.B. Du Bois on Scientific Knowledge and Its Limits" (especially Section 2), or my 2017 talk, "W.E.B. Du Bois at the Horizon of History and Sociology."

[End of Note .]

SECTION 3: Du Boisian Nescience

“All those moments will be lost in time, like tears in rain.”

SECTION 3: Du Boisian Nescience

3.1. Types of Nescience

[Section 3.1. Summary.]

•Unknowability (nescience): evidence is lacking and may never be available. Yet we must act in the world despite lacking scientific knowledge.
•King in his tribute does not discuss Du Bois's views on nescience.
•This section covers historical unknowability and the unknowability of others (i.e., no direct knowledge).

Across his life and texts, published and unpublished, essays, books, and correspondence, Du Bois indicates the limitations on what we can know via our research methods.

The evidence can be incomplete.

The evidence may not be available—yet.

The evidence may not be recoverable by any extant or future methods.

The evidence available may not be able to confirm or disconfirm the existence of some thing (e.g., a higher power or deity).

I have conducted work on Du Boisian nescience in terms of what I call his un/knowable framework: access my 2016 talk, "W.E.B. Du Bois on Scientific Knowledge and Its Limits" (Sections 3–8).

For this presentation I will focus on four general areas where Du Bois indicates that knowledge is uncertain or is not knowable in principle:

history;

knowledge experienced directly by each of us, as Du Bois frames it;

ultimate reality and cosmic meaning; and

norms and values, including religion values and faith.

History, direct knowledge, and ultimate reality I have categorized as types of unknowability for Du Bois. Ideals and values for Du Bois I have called normative uncertainty because the data available can neither confirm nor disconfirm their worth or their specific content. Each type of nescience has its associated type of activism that Du Bois conducts.

King does not discuss Du Bois's views on nescience when, in the tribute, he covers how Du Bois's research seeks knowledge to be used in activism. Yet what we cannot know at all or know only with uncertainty has consequences for the struggles against injustice. In this section I discuss historical unknowability and the fundamental (or direct) unknowability of others. I will discuss the unknowability of ultimate reality and the uncertainty of values and ideals in Section 4.3.

3.2. Historical Unknowability

[Section 3.2. Summary.]

•Du Bois uses history to refute lies and misrepresentations.
•Yet historical research is limited: evidence can be unavailable or unrecoverable.
•Historical unknowability prompts Du Bois to artistic endeavors: e.g., historical fiction.

3.2.1. The Unrecoverable Past
History for Du Bois the scholar is important for the lessons to be learned and from the precedents that have occurred. Studying history can allow us to grasp how in the long-run the "cost of liberty is less than the price of repression", as he framed it (EORP 1909: ¶ 13; also JB 1909: p.395). Similarly, in a less quoted passage from The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade Du Bois writes in the book's last paragraph: "From this we may conclude that it behooves nations as well as men to do things at the very moment when they ought to be done." (SAST 1896: Sec. 96)

Yet despite the importance of studying history Du Bois indicates that our historical research is limited because much evidence is not available or else is unrecoverable.

"When in this world we seek the truth about what men have thought and felt and done, we face insuperable difficulties. We seldom can see enough of human action at first hand to interpret it properly. We can never know current personal thought and emotion with sufficient understanding rightly to weigh its cause and effect. After action and feeling and reflection are long past, then from writing and memory we may secure some picture of the total truth, but it will be sorely imperfect, with much omitted, much forgotten, much distorted." [PSOM 1957: ¶ 3]

This historical unknowability, as I call Du Bois's views, must be addressed. It should not stop us, but rather it should prompt us to use, in his words, the "imagination where documented material and personal experience are lacking." (PSOM 1957: ¶ 4)

3.2.2. Art as Activism
Historical unknowability prompts Du Bois to artistic endeavors. Art in the form of historical fiction is a type of activism for which he establishes several guidelines.

"I have personally lived through much of the history of the American Negro from 1876 to 1956. Yet wide as my experience has been, by travel, seeing, hearing and knowing, I of course actually knew but an infinitesimal fraction of all that happened. The gaps of knowledge I can in part supply by the memory of others, by reading published and unpublished matter. Yet with all this I am far from being able to set down an accurate historical account of those fatal eighty years.

"Therefore I have assayed first to gather such verifiable facts as I can. This body of knowledge I have compared with the reports of others. But even with all this, much, indeed most, is missing: just what men thought, the actual words they used, the feelings and motives which impelled them — those I do not know and most of them none will ever know. These facts are gone forever. But it is possible for the creative artist to imagine something of such unknown truth. If he is lucky or inspired, he may write a story which may set down a fair version of the truth of an era, or a group of facts about human history." [PSOM 1957: ¶¶ 6-7]

Du Bois's view on the artistic imagination in the "Postscript" calls our attention to his more recognized idea expressed three decades earlier in "Criteria of Negro Art" (CNA 1926). There he writes that the role of the artist is to depict African Americans as loving and enjoying life just like everyone else—a role he describes as positive propaganda. Indeed, "all Art is propaganda", he asserts (CNA 1926: ¶ 29, ¶ 2). (In Appendix 2—which is Section 6.3. below—I discuss the difference between the "Criteria of Negro Art" and the "Postscript").

In addition to numerous shorter fictional works, Du Bois writes a few books of historical fiction, where the guidelines mentioned above tend to adhere. We can turn to The Quest of the Silver Fleece (QSF 1911), Dark Princess (DRKP 1928), and the Black Flame trilogy that includes The Ordeal of Mansart, Marsart Builds a School, and Worlds of Color (BFOM 1957, BFMB 1959, and BFWC 1961).
[Note —Du Bois's Shorter Works of Fiction.]

Du Bois writes short works of fiction across his lifetime. While an undergraduate at Fisk University he publishes "Tom Brown at Fisk" in the Fisk Herald, for which he serves as the editor-in-chief (TBF1, TBF2, TBF3, 1887-1888). He also publishes fictional pieces in other periodicals that he edits: The Moon Illustrated Weekly and The Horizon. He includes one fictional chapter in The Souls of Black Folk (SBF 1903), and intersperses many fictional pieces in Darkwater (DARK 1920). A collection of these shorter works exists: see the Aptheker edited volume, Creative Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois: A Pageant, Poems, Short Stories and Playlets (WCWP 1985).

[End of Note .]

3.3. Human Unknowability

[Section 3.3. Summary.]

•For Du Bois: we can know-about others, but we cannot know directly another's experiences and knowledge.
•Our lack of direct knowledge has consequences: the "excluded wisdom" of others is not available for us to experience.
•Politicians and bureaucrats need the "excluded wisdom" to govern.
•Thus, the political inclusion of marginalized persons is a central goal of activism.

3.3.1. Unknowable Others
Via research broadly defined we can know-about persons and things in the world, but we cannot know directly another's experiences and knowledge. Specifically, for Du Bois we have no direct knowledge of the joys, sufferings, and experiences of others. In "The Individual and Social Conscience" (IASC 1905), he writes:

"Here in this my neighbor stand things I do not know, experiences I have never felt, depths whose darkness is beyond me, and heights hidden by the clouds; or, perhaps, rather, differences in ways of thinking, and dreaming, and feeling which I guess at rather than know; strange twistings of soul that curve between the grotesque and the awful." [IASC 1905: ¶ 3]

Hence, when we talk of knowledge of other individuals, groups, and cultures we are actually talking in terms of knowledge about the others. Our scientific methods only allow us to know-about them. Other individuals remain unknowable to, or by means of, our direct experience.

3.3.2. "Excluded Wisdom"
Du Bois indicates that certain political consequences follow from out inability to directly and experientially know another's thoughts or feelings. In "Of the Ruling of Men", which is Chapter VI in Darkwater, Du Bois writes:

[. . . .] "But remember the foundation of the argument [in support of democracy], — that in the last analysis only the sufferer knows his sufferings and that no state can be strong which excludes from its expressed wisdom the knowledge possessed by mothers, wives, and daughters. We have but to view the unsatisfactory relations of the sexes the world over and the problem of children to realize how desperately we need this excluded wisdom.

The same arguments apply to other excluded groups: if a race, like the Negro race, is excluded, then so far as that race is a part of the economic and social organization of the land, the feeling and the experience of that race are absolutely necessary to the realization of the broadest justice for all citizens. [. . . .]" [OROM 1920: ¶¶ 27-28]

Du Bois's term "excluded wisdom" with regard to democracy is much studied by later scholars, such as Balfour 2011; Bromell 2011 & 2013; Gooding-Williams 2009; Lunt 2011; McBride 2004; and Monteiro 2008.

3.3.3. Activism for Political Inclusion
"Excluded wisdom" becomes the basis for Du Bois to link the fundamental unknowability of others' knowledge and experiences to governmental policymaking via the support and enforcement of the electoral franchise. Du Bois devotes much effort to expanding suffrage to women and for securing suffrage for all men, such as was constitutionally stated in the Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

The "excluded wisdom" of the disfranchised and marginalized citizens is also the basis to expand the democratic control over industrial and commercial activities that early 20th Century socialists, and Du Bois as a socialist, consider harmful to the citizens. In language resembling the idea of worker control over the means of production, he writes in "Ruling":

"The knowledge of what to do in industry and how to do it in order to attain the resulting goods rests in the hands and brains of the workers and managers, and the judges of the result are the public. Consequently it is not so much a question as to whether the world will admit democratic control here as how can such control be long avoided when the people once understand the fundamentals of industry. How can civilization persist in letting one person or a group of persons, by secret inherent power, determine what goods shall be made — whether bread or champagne, overcoats or silk socks? Can so vast a power be kept from the people?" [OROM 1920: ¶ 42]

Du Bois in "Of the Ruling of Men" argues that government actions must be justified by both science and citizen participation. However, I must note that he does not specify how any conflicts between the democratic input of citizens and the scientific findings of researchers might be reconciled.

SECTION 4: Religion and Nescience

The Message (drawing, The Crisis, February 1923)

SECTION 4: Religion and Nescience

4.1. "Divine Dissatisfaction"

[Section 4.1. Summary.]

•In the 1968 tribute King makes his first religious references in the last paragraph.
•For King, Du Bois's "greatest virtue" includes his "divine dissatisfaction with all forms of injustice."
•Du Boisian nescience can be discussed in relation to "divine dissatisfaction".

4.1.1. Du Bois's "Greatest Virtue"
It is in the last paragraph of "Honoring Dr. Du Bois" that we return to King within the context of Du Boisian nescience. He says:

"In conclusion let me say that Dr. Du Bois' greatest virtue was his committed empathy with all the oppressed and his divine dissatisfaction with all forms of injustice." [HDDB 1970: ¶ 34=p.11]

Here, King explicitly references religion, which he has not done throughout the tribute.

King links the religious allusion to a list of concerns that must be addressed in order to overcome social problems, not only in the U.S.A. but also in the world. The list is long.

"Today we are still challenged to be dissatisfied. Let us be dissatisfied until every man can have food and material necessities for his body, culture and education for his mind, freedom and human dignity for his spirit. Let us be dissatisfied until rat-infested, vermin-filled slums will be a thing of a dark past and every family will have a decent, sanitary house in which to live. Let us be dissatisfied until the empty stomachs of Mississippi are filled and the idle industries of Appalachia are revitalized. Let us be dissatisfied until brotherhood is no longer a meaningless word at the end of a prayer but the first order of business on every legislative agenda. Let us be dissatisfied until our brother of the Third World—Asia, Africa, and Latin America—will no longer be the victim of imperialist exploitation, but will be lifted from the long night of poverty, illiteracy, and disease. Let us be dissatisfied until this pending cosmic elegy will be transformed into a creative psalm of peace and 'justice will roll down like waters from a mighty stream.'" [HDDB 1970: ¶ 34=p.11]

Du Bois would probably agree that the listed problems must also be addressed and steps must be taken to overcome or ameliorate them.
[Note —Du Bois on "Divine Discontent".]

As Jonathon Kahn observes, Du Bois has used the phase "divine discontent": "...Du Bois's divine discontent bears resemblance to what—more than a half century later—Martin Luther King, Jr. called 'divine dissatisfaction'" (Kahn 2009: p.139, n.26; also p.9)

Kahn is referring to the 1898 commencement address at Fisk University in which Du Bois says:

"It is now ten years since I stood amid these walls on my commencement morning, ten years full of toil and happiness and sorrow, and the full delight of hard work. And as I look back on that youthful gleam, and see the vision splendid, the trailing clouds of glory that lighted then the wide way of life, I am ever glad that I stepped into the world guided of strong faith in its promises, and inspired by no sordid aims. And from that world I come back to welcome you, my brothers and sisters. I cannot promise you happiness always, but I can promise you divine discontent with the imperfect. I cannot promise you success—'tis not in mortals to command success.

"But as you step into life I can give you three watchwords: First, you are Negroes, members of that dark, historic race that from the world's dawn has slept to hear the trumpet summons sound through our ears. Cherish unwavering faith in the blood of your fathers, and make sure this last triumph of humanity. Remember next, that you are gentlemen and ladies, trained in the liberal arts and subjects in that vast kingdom of culture that has lighted the world from [p.14 starts] its infancy and guided it through bigotry and falsehood and sin. As such, let us see in you an unfaltering honesty wedded to that finer courtesy and breeding which is the heritage of the well trained and the well born. And, finally, remember that you are the sons of Fisk University, that venerable mother who rose out of the blood and dust of battle to work the triumphs of the Prince of Peace. The mighty blessing of all her sons and daughters encompass you, and the sad sacrifice of every pure soul, living and dead, that has made her what she is, bend its dark wings about you and make you brave and good!" [CCBN 1898: pp.13-14; Bold face added for emphasis.]

[End of Note .]

Also note that the second explicit reference to religion within the entire tribute occurs in this last paragraph: "justice will roll down like waters from a mighty stream." The phrase derives from the Bible, specifically Amos 5:24, English Standard Version, which states: "But let justice roll down like waters, and righteousness like an ever-flowing stream." That Biblical phrase also incorporates a portion of the passage from the King James Version, where we read: "But let judgment run down as water, and righteousness as a mighty stream."

4.1.2. King's "Where Do We Go From Here"

King has used the term "divine dissatisfaction" before, notably in his speech at the Eleventh Annual Convention of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference which was held in Atlanta on 16 August 1967. Entitled "Where Do We Go From Here", its list parallels the list in King's tribute to Du Bois especially with the former's focus on ending oppression and poverty in America. However, King in 1967 concentrates on the U.S.A. with general references to a universal humanity of all races (King WDWG). In "Honoring Dr. Du Bois", however, King adds a specific reference to peoples around the world suffering from "imperialist exploitation" (HDDB 1970: ¶ 34=p.11).

In the tribute's last paragraph King both raises the prospective aspect of applying Du Bois to the problems listed—in effect, applying Du Bois's research/activism nexus to the problems—and also invites us to more closely examine how religion fits into Du Boisian nescience.

4.2. Du Bois and Religion

[Section 4.2. Summary.]

• Du Bois uses religious themes, motifs, and imagery throughout his life.
•Scholars have long studied such themes and Du Bois's own religiosity.
•Such scholarship does not examine Du Bois's religious themes in relation to his idea of nescience.

4.2.1. Du Bois's Religious Themes
Du Bois's use of religion themes and motifs is well recognized.

In shorter fictional works, such as short stories, parables, poetry, and prayers.

In longer fictional works, especially novels, including The Quest of the Silver Fleece (QSF 1911) and Dark Princess (DRKP 1928).

In the personal testament of "Credo" (CRDI 1904) and in an exhortation to social duty,"The Individual and Social Conscience" (IASC 1905).

In non-fictional books, including The Souls of Black Folk (SBF 1903) and The Gift of Black Folk (GBF 1924).

Du Bois has published on religion in Black communities in an Atlanta University study, The Negro Church (AUP-8), and in "Religion in the South" (RITS 1907), where he argues that Black churches are important in the everyday life of African Americans and are integral to the struggle for racial uplift.

He links religious themes to more materialist analyses of industrial capitalism and imperialist exploitation: for example, "The Revelation of St. Orgne the Damned" (RSOD 1939) and "Jason and Esau" (JAE 1944).

Du Bois's vast corpus provides many other examples.

4.2.2. Scholars on Du Bois and Religion

Later scholars have long studied not only Du Bois's works pertaining to religion and religious themes, but also debated his own personal religiosity. What were his religious beliefs? Was he agnostic? Was he atheistic at some point in his life? How did he influence religious movements, such as the Social Gospel movement, during his life? How did he utilize religious themes and ideas in his works and activism. Such scholars include Blum 2007, Dorrien 2015, B. Johnson 2008, Kahn 2009, Sinitiere 2012, and Zuckerman 2000.

Although informative, the scholars do not thematize Du Bois's views on religion in terms of his thoughts on uncertainty and unknowability.

4.3. Religion as Nescience

[Section 4.3. Summary.]

•Du Boisian nescience implicates religion in terms of the unknowability of ultimate reality, and the normative uncertainty of values and ideals.
•Ultimate reality and cosmic meaning are fundamentally unknowable because they cannot be operationalized per se as part of empirical studies.
•Normative uncertainty (my term): we cannot empirically confirm or disconfirm the content and worth of values and ideals with the evidence available.
•For Du Bois: science can know what to do, but not why.
•Du Bois argues: organized religions are still needed to provide ideals, compassion, and motivation.

4.3.1. Religious Forms of Nescience
I am not studying Du Bois's personal religious beliefs or any corresponding religious tenets. Rather, I seek to examine how his views on religion in general relate to his idea of nescience and the associated necessity for acting in the world. As I delineated elsewhere in a typology of knowledge and nescience (Williams 2016 talk), religion fits into Du Boisian nescience in two ways:

•the unknowability of ultimate reality, and

•the normative uncertainty of discerning the content and worth of values and ideals.

For Du Bois, scientific knowledge is vital to life and must be gathered. Yet the sciences cannot know about ultimate reality. It is impossible to operationalize cosmic meaning or a supreme deity, which are considered by religious belief systems to be supernatural and thereby not able to be operationalized and studied via empirical methods. Du Bois alludes to this in a brief note that he sends in response to a question about his personal beliefs on immortality. He replies:

"My thought on personal immortality is easily explained. I do not know. I do not see how any one could know. Our whole basis of knowledge is so relative and contingent that when we get to argue concerning ultimate reality and the real essence of life and the past and the future, we seem to be talking without real data and getting nowhere. I have every respect for people who believe in the future life, but I cannot accept their belief or their wish as knowledge. Equally, I am not impressed by those who deny the possibility of future life. I have no knowledge of the possibilities of this universe and I know of no one who has." [IMMT 1935]

The ultimate purpose of the universe is not knowable—indeed, it is fundamentally unknowable to science. Nonetheless, Du Bois does not consider that such unknowability is meaningless or without some good in it.

In a similar manner, science can offer no certainty for the normative values that we humans can name as dear to us, but which we cannot confirm or disconfirm with evidence. "The Church and Religion", a 1933 essay in The Crisis provides a succinct summary of what I have called his view on normative uncertainty.

[. . . .] "Life is largely and must be a series of assumptions. In so far as these assumptions are confirmed by the recurrent happenings of the world, we have a right to assume that they are approximately true. But we must even go beyond this. There is, for instance, faith in the triumph of good deeds; hope that the world will grow better; love of our relatives and our neighbors and of all humanity.

"It would be difficult to adduce scientific proof that these hopes and faiths are justified, and still there is good reason for our assuming that they are and guiding our conduct accordingly." [TCAR 1933: ¶¶ 2-3]

Indeed, at any point in time indicators of, for example, both social progress and social regress are observable. Which is more prevalent over the long run of history? Any answer would be debatable in a way that the existence of gravity is not.
[Note —Normative Uncertainty Illustrated.]

What do we specify, for example, when we talk about the value of equality?

•What type of equality? Equality of opportunity? Equality of result? (Perhaps equity also should be examined?)

•Equality applied to which aspects of life? Equal access to the same educational environments or to needed health care?

•Is equality something good? Why or why not? When and when not?

We can operationalize the variables in an empirical study of equality (the definitions of which would be contested), but we will not reach a conclusion satisfactory to all—hence, my use of the term normative uncertainty. Alternately, gravity (analyzable with physics) is experienced by all on the planet and is presumably not contested by anyone.

[End of Note .]

Despite the difficulties of empirically discerning the content and worth of values and ideals, Du Bois argues that there is still hope. We cannot know-about, via evidence, whether good or evil will triumph in the world, or whether justice will triumph, but we have reasons to act "as if" such positive values and ideals will come to pass. Although Du Bois does not specify the good reasons that he mentions in the essay, he reinforces our need to act in the world because we are of the world.

I should note that the essay "The Church and Religion" distinguishes between religion as beliefs about the world and our roles and purposes in it, on the one hand, and organized religion (or the church, as he sometimes writes) as the actual practices by humans implementing religious beliefs, on the other. He tends to accept the positive role of religious beliefs (within the bounds of reason and fact) and castigates organized religion's practices—a point to which he often returns (as we will read below).

4.3.2. Science vis-à-vis Religion
For a more extended treatment of science and religion we can read Du Bois's 1945 book, Color and Democracy: Colonies and Peace (CDCP 1945). For him, science is vital in the decolonization process and in the building of post-colonial societies. He claims that science can know what to do, but not why we should do so. Hence, science faces limitations because it cannot ethically justify actions in the world. In the book Du Bois criticizes organized religions for supporting oppression and exploitation across time, yet they still occupy a vital role. He writes:

"Notwithstanding this [critique of organized religion], it is all too clear today that if we are to have a sufficient motive for the uplift of backward peoples, for the redemption and progress of colonials, such a motive can be found only in the faith and ideals of organized religion; and the great task that is before us is to join this belief and the consequent action with the scientific knowledge and efficient techniques of economic reform." [CDCP 1945: p.136]

Du Bois offers further support for the importance of, or indeed the necessity for, religious justifications for social uplift.

[. . . .] "I must just as frankly acknowledge that the majority of the best and earnest people of this world are today organized in religious groups, and that without the co-operation of the richness of their emotional experience, and the unselfishness of their aims, science stands helpless before crude fact and selfish endeavor. The reason for this religious majority may be inexperience and lack of education; it may be divine grace and human sin. Whatever it is, the fact is unquestionable today." [CDCP 1945: p.137]

Du Bois seems similar to King in praising religion, but there is a crucial difference.

4.4. Du Bois and King on Religion

[Section 4.4. Summary.]

•King's paraphrase of T. Parker: "the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice".
•Hence, for King: certitude about the ontological content of religious faith.
•However, for Du Bois: science and a pragmatic method must mediate between religious tenets and the world.
•Thus, for Du Bois: no certitude that justice will prevail.
•Nonetheless, for Du Bois: despite unknowability and uncertainty, our actions require guidance and justification.
•For both Du Bois and King: religion is vital to activism.

4.4.1. "The Arc of the Moral Universe"
Du Bois's claim that there are "good reasons" to hope despite normative uncertainty parallels King's idea of the "arc of the moral universe". (See the note below on Theodore Parker for the derivation of this phrase).

For King writing in a 1958 essay published in the Gospel Messenger, the civil rights advances of the mid-1960s were years away. Nonetheless, he holds out hope—a hope based on his religious faith—that justice and equality will prevail. King believes that there are "good reasons" (to quote the parallel with Du Bois) on which to hope that things could change. He writes in "Out of the Long Night":

Those of us who call the name of Jesus Christ find something at the center of our faith which forever reminds us that God is on the side of truth and justice. Good Friday may occupy the throne for a day, but ultimately it must give way to the triumph of Easter. Evil may so shape events that Caesar will occupy a palace and Christ a cross, but that same Christ arose and split history into A.D. and B.C. so that even the life of Caesar must be dated by his name. Yes, "the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice." There is something in the universe which justifies William Cullen Bryant in saying, "Truth crushed to earth will rise again." So in Montgomery, Alabama, we can walk and never get weary, because we know that there will be a great camp meeting in the promised land of freedom and justice. [King OTLN 1958: 14] [Observe that "the arc of the moral universe" statement is enclosed by quotation marks, thereby indicating that it or its inspiration derives from another, although not explicitly named.]

For King, history offers a justification for Christian faith in the triumph of right in society: a conventional form by which to designate the current era and its predecessor is A.D. and B.C. Theodore Parker in the mid-19th century uses words similar to King's and offers a similar justification for holding that justice will succeed in the universe.
[Note —Theodore Parker's "Moral Universe".]

Theodore Parker (1810-1860) was a Unitarian Universalist minister and abolitionist. In his third sermon, "Justice and the Conscience", contained within Ten Sermons of Religion (Parker 1853) he provides the basis for King's "arc of the moral universe" quotation.

"Look at the facts of the world. You see a continual and progressive triumph of the right. I do not pretend to understand the moral universe, the arc is a long one, my eye reaches but little ways. I cannot calculate the curve and complete the figure by the experience of sight; I can divine it by conscience. But from what I see I am sure it bends towards justice. Things refuse to be mismanaged long. Jefferson trembled when he thought of slavery and remembered that God is just. Ere long all America will tremble. The Stuarts in England were tyrannical and strong: respectable and peaceful men kept still a while, and bore the tyranny, but men who loved God and his justice more than house and land fled to the wilderness, and built up a troublesome commonwealth of Puritans." [Parker 1853: pp.84-85]

King's paraphrase of Parker has become a widely used and well recognized quotation. Taylor Branch writes that the "moral universe" quotation is "one of King's favorites lines" (1988: p.197n).
[End of Note .]

As I have previously indicated, Du Bois however does not accept the certitude that justice will prevail. Because we cannot know for certain, we an only act in the world according to our values of equality and freedom and our ideals of justice.

4.4.2. Religion and "Pragmatic Fact"
Indeed, there is a significant difference between Du Bois's view on religion and King's—just as with parallel lines: the gap between the lines may be small, but the lines never cross. Du Bois writes in Color and Democracy: Colonies and Peace:

[. . . .] "I cannot believe that any chosen body of people or special organization of mankind [i.e., organized religion] has received a direct revelation of ultimate truth which is denied to earnest scientific effort. I admit readily that it would be most satisfactory if instead of occupying a little island of knowledge in the midst of vast stretches of unknown truth, we could with conviction and utter faith plant ourselves on a completely revealed knowledge of the ends and aims of the universe. But no matter how satisfying this would be, it does not therefore follow that it is true, or that those who assert it and believe in it have the right to persecute and condemn those who cannot accept urgent desire, or myth and fairy tale, as valid truth. It may well be that God has revealed ultimate knowledge to babes and sucklings, but that is no reason why I, one who does not believe this miracle, should surrender to infants the guidance of my mind and effort. No light of faith, no matter how kindly and beneficent, can in a world of reason guide human beliefs to truth unless it is continually tested by pragmatic fact." [CDCP 1945: p.137]

Accordingly, Du Bois references science and the pragmatic method as a way to mediate religious tenets in relation to the world. He does not accept King's certitude on the ontological content of religious faith.
[Note —Du Bois on Science (Caveats).]

Regarding Du Bois's views on science, two caveats must be mentioned.

First, in works such as Color and Democracy (CDCP 1945) and "Of the Ruling of Men" (OROM 1920), Du Bois is very optimistic about the role of research, especially in the natural sciences. He seems to assume that the researchers will be able to reach an understanding among themselves about the studies and the corresponding results, and that they will be able to minimize or counterbalance biases tainting research and its conclusions (SOPE 1937).

However, Du Bois also discusses in other works that research can be flawed and that researchers can be biased: Black Reconstruction (BREC 1935) is a notable example of his criticism, as are other texts challenging the pseudo-science of race, including "The Negroes of Farmville, Virginia" (NFVA 1897) and The Philadelphia Negro (TPN 1899).

Second, Du Bois seems rather optimistic that there will be more or less one accord between citizens and their democratic participation, politicians and bureaucrats in their policymaking roles, and scientists and other scholars with regard to their research findings. He nonetheless does not specify how to reconcile any possible tensions between and among the three groups. such would be important, especially considering the current case of climate science and the difficulty of reconciling the divergent views between citizens, environmentalists, government bureaucrats, elected officials, and industry groups.

[End of Note .]

[Note —King on Science and Faith.]

On 16 August 1967 King delivers the speech "Where Do We Go From Here?" at the Eleventh Annual SCLC Convention in Atlanta, Georgia. Therein he argues that, even if you can scientifically predict the future or do possess a great understanding of nature, all of that knowledge is worthless without acknowledging that God is love. He speaks:

[. . . .] "If you are seeking the highest good, I think you can find it through love. And the beautiful thing is that we aren't moving wrong when we do it, because John was right, God is love. He who hates does not know God, but he who loves has the key that unlocks the door to the meaning of ultimate reality.

"And so I say to you today, my friends, that you may be able to speak with the tongues of men and angels; you may have the eloquence of articulate speech; but if you have not love, it means nothing. Yes, you may have the gift of prophecy; you may have the gift of scientific prediction and understand the behavior of molecules; you may break into the storehouse of nature and bring forth many new insights; yes, you may ascend to the heights of academic achievement so that you have all knowledge; and you may boast of your great institutions of learning and the boundless extent of your degrees; but if you have not love, all of these mean absolutely nothing." [King WDWG 1967]

For King, unlike Du Bois, the world has meaning that is not subject to a pragmatic evaluation of its workable tenets.
[End of Note .]

4.4.3. What They Share
Although different in several ways, King and Du Bois share an important similarity. This is well exemplified when Du Bois sends King a telegram in March 1956 (according to the Credo metadata). In early 1956 the Montgomery Bus Boycott has just started and on the evening of 30 January King's house is bombed. The content of Du Bois's telegram quotes the Lutheran hymn "Fear Not, O Little Flock":

Fear not O little flock the foe
That madly seeks thine overthrow
Dread not its rage and power
What though thy courage often faints
Its seeming power o'er God's saints
Lasts but a little hour

[TMLK 1956; The original contained all capital letters, no punctuation, and line indentations by varying amounts of blank space.]

Its message, whether as a telegram or a hymn, seems clear. For both Du Bois and King religion will serve a vital role in our activism for justice—then as well as now.

SECTION 5: 21st Century Relevance

Click for a larger image: Center for Justice, Columbia University (http://centerforjustice.columbia.edu/files/2017/11/507c254d-3333-4408-b534-5d038e564c8e.png)

Click the images

Click for a larger image: From the United Federation of Teachers (http://www.uft.org/files/photo/moral-mondays-come-to-new-york-158-8301.jpg)

SECTION 5: 21st Century Relevance

5.1. Nescience Nowadays

[Section 5.1. Summary.]

•Du Boisian nescience can illuminate 21st Century social concerns.
•Art as activism: Expressions of experiences and expressions of alternate future societies.
•"Excluded wisdom" is needed by policy makers.
•The normative uncertainty of values and ideals highlights human agency and the role of subjectivity in struggles for justice.

Du Bois never denies the important role of social research, whether the natural or social sciences, or the humanities. Indeed, the knowledge gained is of immense value to challenge injustice. Yet we cannot be stymied by the lack of objective information gained. Du Bois's nescience, accordingly, offers justifications for addressing the concerns of protest groups and social movements and for including their insights into policymaking.

How does Du Boisian nescience help us to better understand contemporary issues and debates?

As his idea of "excluded wisdom" implicates, individuals—and vitally, members of marginalized groups—possess knowledge that cannot be grasped easily, fully, or at all by research methods that aggregate data about persons into reductive means, medians, and formulae.

The normative uncertainty of values and ideals, in Du Bois's thought, foregrounds the importance of human agency and the subjectivity integral to social progress and the struggles against injustice, especially the value of equality (e.g., personal respect and equality of opportunity).

Du Boisian nescience also speaks to artistic movements because it supports the use of our political and literary imaginations to promote alternative societies, and indeed universes, that address the existing life-situations faced by the marginalized. Such alternative worlds challenge, via the agency of Africana peoples, the oppressive practices and mythic fabrications created by White supremacism.

5.2. Recent Examples

[Section 5.2. Summary.]

•Afrofuturism embodies the literary imagination that Du Bois advocates.
•The Black Lives Matter Movement and the Dakota Access Pipeline protests exemplify the importance of "excluded wisdom" for policymakers.
•The Moral Mondays movement illustrates that, even if equality, freedom, and justice are not always evident, motivated and often religiously inspired persons still struggle onwards.

5.2.1. The Current Relevance of Nescience
Du Boisian nescience offers us a conceptual way by which to interpret the significance of issues in the new century. Here I will briefly examine four issues and indicate how nescience is important for activism and politics: Afrofuturism, the Black Lives Matter Movement, the Dakota Access Pipeline and its protests, and the Moral Mondays protests.

Note that the examples are brief for the purposes of this presentation. More details may be found in Section 8, which contains suggested resources that might be of interest.

5.2.2. Afrofuturism
The sciences, because they rely on evidence, face an inherent difficulty. They can predict trends into the future, based on patterns in the data. But they cannot know-about the future where there is no evidence, or if not all of the evidence is or can be gathered. Science fiction creators can travel where science cannot: they can generate new realms and new forms of social relationships whenever and wherever the evidence is scanty or non-existent in the here and now. As a multifarious literary form, Afrofuturism addresses the paucity of person of color in science fiction, while simultaneously challenging the lingering White supremacism that denies Africana agency. Afrofuturists craft worlds and situations originating from the life experiences of Africana peoples. They incorporate futuristic technologies of space and time travel, often with spiritual and mystical dimensions, that are intentionally wielded in the interests of the marginalized and oppressed. Those considered to be Afrofuturists include a range of writers, musicians, film directors, and artists broadly defined, such as Steven Barnes, Octavia Butler, George Clinton, Samuel R. Delany, Wanuri Kahiu, Janelle Monáe, Nnedi Okorafor, and Sun Ra (Dery 1994; Womack 2013).

As regards Du Boisian nescience, Afrofuturism incarnates the literary imagination that he espouses so as to better depict the humanity of persons of color and to fight against the one-dimensional stereotypes rife in his era and still present decades later. Du Bois is increasingly being studied as a proto-Afrofuturist (e.g., Brown & Rusert 2015; Elia 2016; Yaszek 2006).

5.2.3. The Black Lives Matter Movement (BLM)
Motivated by the police killing of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri in August 2014, the Black Lives Matter movement has organized as independent groups in various U.S. cities over the last few years. As such, BLM is a non-hierarchal movement. Nonetheless, the movement utilizes social media and the Internet to coordinate activities among the different groups and to encourage participation. BLM-related events focus on cases of violence committed by the police or others against African American men and women. The chapters also support other marginalized identities of Africana persons, including LGBTQ, differentially abled, and those with prison records (BlackLivesMatter.com 2017; Joseph 2017).

As regards Du Boisian nescience, the BLM movement emphasizes that, despite all of the knowledge about violence directed against Africana persons, the direct experiences and knowledge of Africana persons is not possible for Whites. Consequently, such issues become a matter of existential concern for some of the population, and thereby their "excluded wisdom" is vital to consider in policymaking.

5.2.4. The Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) Protests
The Dakota Access Pipeline travels from North Dakota to Illinois, linking oil fields in the former to processing facilities in the latter. Some of the controversy arises from the fact that the pipeline passes beneath a lake, Lake Oahe in North Dakota, deemed sacred by the Native Americans in the area, who also use it as a water supply.

Native Americans there and from around the U.S.A., as well as supporters among environmental and climate-justice groups, protested the pipeline. They also set up a camp within the Standing Rock Indian Reservation (North and South Dakota) in which the protestors, calling themselves the Water Protectors, lived for months. However, after losing various legal actions, the protest camp was struck by late 2016. Energy Transfer Partners, who own the DAPL, eventually completed construction and started pumping operations in May 2017 (Aisch & Lai 2017; The Intercept 2017).

As regards Du Boisian nescience, such marginalized indigenous peoples will possess the "excluded wisdom" that the dominant power structures have long denied, but which could assist in the sustainable usage and management of natural resources.

5.2.5. Moral Mondays
The North Carolina NAACP is credited with organizing Moral Mondays in 2013 and 2014. The Reverend William Barber is the spokesperson for the events, designed to oppose the policies put forth by the Republican-majority N.C. General Assembly. As it started and continues, Moral Mondays involve protestors, often in the thousands, who march on the state capitol at Raleigh. Arrests occur frequently because of the non-violent direct actions in which the protestors engage. The future of Moral Mondays, as the organizers maintain, involves widening the focus beyond North Carolina to focus also on opposing Republican policies in various U.S. states. The strategy will entail fusing individual progressive organizations into broader progressive coalitions (Repairers of the Breach N.D.; see also Hunter-Gault 2017; Wootson 2017).

As regards Du Boisian nescience, his idea of the normative uncertainty of values and ideals is pertinent. We pursue the values of equality and freedom and hope for justice, even if such values are not necessarily evident or else are frustratingly ephemeral. Nevertheless, motivated and inspired individuals and groups will struggle towards those ideals of a more inclusive and just world.

5.2.6. Further Examples Exist
Du Boisian nescience as a way to illuminate social actions is not limited to the few cases described in this presentation. Du Bois's idea that there are consequences to what we cannot know also can be applied to other cases in the U.S.A. and the world.

SECTION 6: In Closing (and Appendices)

SECTION 6: In Closing (and Appendices)

6.1. Knowledge AND Nescience

[Section 6.1. Summary.]

•Du Boisian nescience does not foreclose activism, but rather offers other strategies to use.

•Does Du Boisian nescience deny reason? Du Bois supports reason via pragmatic evaluation of experiences with our actions in the world.
•History will not forget Du Bois and King because their struggles for justice are also our struggles.

6.1.1. Unavoidable Activism
King's list of social problems at the end on "Honoring Dr. Du Bois" reads much like a list that we could compile 50 years later. As a consequence, King's words abide because social problems persist into the 21st Century. Today we still need knowledge to guide our activism for social justice. Du Bois in his research and King in his tribute recognize the importance of studying the why and how of who and what we observe.

As I have sought to demonstrate in the presentation, for Du Bois, our lack of knowledge and the uncertainty of some forms of knowledge does not preclude us from acting in the world. Indeed, our nescience is part of our being in the world. We cannot escape activism in its myriad forms because we are embodied in the social relationships that constitute our existence. Du Bois along with King stress the need for activism motivated by values and ideals that cannot be substantiated or justified solely by empirical research. Indeed, our social duty is also part of our being in the world.

6.1.2. Considerations
Some may question: Does Du Bois risk irrationalism by focusing on the unknowable? That is to ask whether Du Bois's ideas on unknowability deny reason and the rational ways that humans can study and explain reality? Du Boisian unknowability, I argue, supports both reason and scientific inquiry: as the passage quoted above from his Color and Democracy indicates, "No light of faith, no matter how kindly and beneficent, can in a world of reason guide human beliefs to truth unless it is continually tested by pragmatic fact." (CDCP 1945: p.137) Moreover, we can infer that, although we may not have empirical confirmation of the worth of normative values, this does not imply that every action is permitted. Normative uncertainty, as I have discussed herein, does not preclude or hinder the use of rational means by which to guide or ground actions in the world.

Here Du Bois's understanding of what he calls "Jamesian pragmatism" emerges. For him, Jamesian pragmatism is a method that seeks to evaluate the "workable logic" of hypotheses—e.g., that values like equality are worthwhile—if we assume their truth (LHA 1956).

Let us act as if respect and equality are worthwhile values to practice. What world might be created by doing good deeds, by caring about the well-being of neighbors and those farther away, and by treating people with equal dignity? The values are normative, but the consequences of so acting would be observable and thereby could be discussed, presumably, in a reasonable manner. Conversely, acting with disrespect to others and promoting unequal opportunities for some in society likewise will have consequences, consequences that can be historically documented.

6.1.3. Abiding Quest
King and Du Bois continue to inspire us in the 21st Century. To use the language of "Honoring Dr. Du Bois" history will not forget either of them because both have proven necessary in our struggles for justice, freedom, and equality. But such a bold statement about history itself not forgetting must be examined. History is not a thing external to humans and their actions. History is made, produced, interpreted, written, recorded, and documented by humans themselves.

Through their words and actions Du Bois and King have asked:

•How are our stories being documented and interpreted as history?

•Which assumptions about human agency are stated and which are unstated?

•What values and ideals do the storytellers and retellers put forward?

•Which events, thoughts, and people are covered, and importantly, need to be recovered?

Du Bois and King abide today because their critical questions are our questions. Their quest for justice is our quest.

— FINIS —

¿Proceed to the LAST (END) PAGE, skipping over the two Appendices, the Works Cited Section 7, and the Suggested Resources Section 8?

6.2. Appendix 1: Sources on the Du Bois Centennial

Various sources provide information on the memorial to W.E.B. Du Bois, the "International Cultural Evening", which was held on 23 February 1968 at Carnegie Hall in New York City. This appendix lists materials that are freely accessible online as well as print resources (both of which are referenced in Section 7.3.).

The Credo Repository
Credo is the repository interface for accessing the W.E.B. Du Bois Papers (and others) at the Special Collections and University Archives of the University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries.

The Credo repository provides the program of the event, entitled "The Du Bois Centennial: An International Year". (Note that the collection contains two copies of the same program: the second item specifies the year 1977 in the metadata). The Credo repository provides one other document pertaining to the commemoration: the pamphlet "Honoring Dr. Du Bois" that was published by Freedomways Associates (undated, but the metadata indicates 1970). Searching for "Freedomways" will also yield more than forty other documents, mostly correspondence of the magazine to and from W.E.B. Du Bois and Shirley Graham Du Bois: search results.

Biographical Sources
Taylor Branch in At Canaan's edge: America in the King years, 1965-68, the third tome in a large-scale three-volume biography, briefly described the Du Bois commemoration and summarized King's tribute at the event (Branch 2006: 703-704). Lewis Baldwin observed that King in the centennial speech lauded Du Bois's preservation of Black heritage (2016: 187). David Levering Lewis in his biography noted in a few sentences King's participation, writing that "Martin's speech was eloquently moving." (D.L. Lewis 1978: 376) However, other biographies do not include King's participation at the centennial: e.g., Bruns 2006; T. Jackson 2008; Selby 2008; Sunnemark 2004; and Willis 2009. Essays that emphasize the radical aspects of King often incorporate his Du Bois tribute, such as Halpern 2015; Ruprecht 2016; Sekou 2014; and West 2015 (p.113).

Tavis Smiley mentions King's speech and also describes his demeanor:

"Although Doc strikes many in the audience, including his friend Stanley Levison, as tired and listless, he nonetheless uses the occasion to reassert his belief in radical solutions to social ills." [Smiley (with David Ritz) 2014]

This point was made in the FBI's declassified surveillance files (see below).

Over the past few decades there has been a slowly increasing body of scholarly studies and academic resources on Du Bois that mention King's tribute. They include, for example, Baker & Smith 2015 (p.115); Balfour 2011 (pp.ix-x); Blight 1996 (p.275); Carson 2018; Ford 2014; Georgia Writers Hall of Fame 2000; Horne 1985 (p.5); Morris 2017 (pp.11-12); Rabaka 2008 (p.162); Sinitiere 2012; and Zuckerman 2000 (p.3). A few book-length biographies briefly reference "Honoring Dr. Du Bois", such as Marable 1986 (p.xv) and Mullen 2016 (p.149). However, other books of biography do not refer to the tribute: e.g., S.G. Du Bois 1971; Horne 2010; and D.L. Lewis 1993 & 2000.

Carnegie Hall
I sought information on the resources housed in the archives at Carnegie Hall, the venue of the Du Bois centennial on 23 February 1968. Gino Francesconi, Director of the Carnegie Hall Archives and Museum, responded via email indicating that their collection does not contain many items related to the event (Francesconi 2018). Information and items that are available online include the following:

The event is situated within a timeline of other events and performances at the venue. It briefly summarizes the purpose of the event.

The Performance History database (search) contains an entry, labeled the "W.E.B. Du Bois 100th Birthday Celebration", that lists the program participants (although James Baldwin is not included).

A Facebook posting on 16 January 2017—the Martin Luther King federal holiday—one sentence from King's tribute was quoted and a photograph of him at the podium was displayed.

A twitter posting on 23 February 2014 presents an image file of one page from the event program; it is autographed by Martin Luther King, Jr. and James Baldwin.

The Carnegie Hall archives director also indicated that there is no audio or video recording of the event (Francesconi 2018).

High Museum of Art (Atlanta)
The High Museum of Art has one photograph of the 1968 Du Bois centennial. It depicts King and James Baldwin, who were phtographed together by James Hinton.

The Worker
Mike Davidow wrote an article entitled "Wide Range of Notables at Memorial to DuBois" (1968). It was printed in The Worker periodical on 3 March 1968. A page facsimile version of the article is found in the declassified FBI surveillance file on James Baldwin (Baldwin FBI File 17 via Archive.org at p.11). Note that a text version of Davidow's article was printed in the Congressional Record on 12 March 1968.

Declassified FBI Files
More information is available from declassified FBI files, which focus on the results of the surveillance of those considered to be subversive and anti-American, including many in the civil rights movement.

The declassified FBI surveillance file on James Baldwin (specifically, individual files 15, 16, and 17 at Archive.org) contains observations of several informants who attended and then debriefed with the bureau. The informants noted those who presented at the memorial, often briefly describing the comments made or the actions performed (such as singing or dancing). Several informants listed a few names of those in the audience as well as indicating that Carnegie Hall was filled or nearly filled to capacity.

The declassified FBI surveillance files on Martin Luther King, Jr. likewise mentions his participation at the February 1968 celebration of Du Bois, but with fewer materials than in James Baldwin's FBI file. Much of the information references King's friend and advisor Stanley Levison.

On 19 November 1967 King asked Levison if he should speak at the event sponsored by Freedomways and Levison replied that he would gather further details before giving an answer (M.L.K. File 80 via Archive.org at p.57). In another document within King's FBI file we read a more detailed description of that particular King-Levison conversation.

"A confidential source, who has furnished reliable information in the past, learned on November 19, 1967, that on that date, Stanley Levison and Martin Luther King, Jr., discussed an invitation which King had received to attend the one hundredth anniversary celebration of the birth of the [sic] W.E.B. DuBois to be held in Carnegie Hall, New York City, in February, 1968. King wanted Levison's opinion on accepting this invitation. King said that he did not know who is sponsoring the celebration, that Jack O'Dell had called him once, but that another person had been the main caller. He added that he had also been urged to attend by a person he met at a luncheon. King noted that there will be only one speech at the luncheon [i.e., Du Bois celebration] and that they want him to make it. He feels that he should accept because of the contribution that DuBois made to Negroes. He said that he knows "Freedomways" magazine has something to do with it.

"Levison stated that he would want to know the sponsoring group so that it could be determined if it is reasonably broad or very narrow. He said that if the sponsorship is narrow, including just people around "Freedomways", it should be broadened." [King FBI File 77 via Archive.org at p.164]

The declassified FBI surveillance file on Stanley Levison repeats this information but in less detail (see Levison FBI File 18 via Archive.org at pp.28-29).

On 24 February 1968, the day after the Du Bois centennial, an FBI document reported a conversation between Levison and Clarence Jones (another advisor to King). This report provides us with the former's description of the actual event, as conveyed via the FBI source:

"A confidential source, who has furnished reliable information in the past, furnished information on February 23, 1968, reflecting that Stanley Levison was going to meet Martin Luther King, Jr., on the night of February 23, 1968, at Kennedy International Airport, New York City, to take him to the "Freedomways" Magazine sponsored affair at Carnegie Hall, New York City, that night.

"The same source learned on February 24, 1968, that on that date, Stanley Levison told Clarence Jones about the affair sponsored by "Freedomways" magazine on the night of February 23, 1968. Levison said that he believed it illustrates the degree of despair and depression prevalent in progressive circles. He described it as the "deadest meeting" he had ever seen and said that people are depressed because they are frustrated over the Vietnam War and also feel there are no answers to riots in the streets. Referring to Martin Luther King's speech, he said that King has never read anything as badly. Levison attributed this to King feeling uncomfortable at the meeting. He said that King felt it was his duty to pay a tribute to (W.E.B.) DuBois but also knew it was not really his (type of) crowd. He said that King read his speech as if he did not understand what he was reading." [King FBI File 78 via Archive.org at p.13]

I was not able to locate this conversation in the FBI file on Stanley Levison.

The King FBI surveillance files summarized Davidow's article on the event and also analyzed Freedomways as a Communist magazine (M.L.K. FBI File 79 via Archive.org at, respectively, pp.146, 155).

[End of Appendix 1.]

6.3. Appendix 2: Du Bois on Art

Regarding art and the artist (as discussed in Section 3.2.), does Du Bois's "Postscript" in the Ordeal of Mansart accord with his earlier "Criteria of Negro Art"?

As a short reply, there is a somewhat different focus in the two works, which are separated by three decades. In the "Postscript" Du Bois examines how the scholar of history becomes an author of historical fiction. Yet in "Criteria" he separates the scholar/scientist from the artist/author. To reframe the question: are Du Bois's views on art and artists similar across the two works?

Du Bois in the "Postscript" indicates that some or much of the knowledge of the past is unrecoverable, and that becomes the justification to use the imagination to fill in the gaps. Yet the imagination still might be able to create a story that includes, as he writes, "a fair version of the truth of an era, or a group of facts about human history." (PSOM 1957: ¶ 7)

Du Bois in "Criteria of Negro Art" does not explicitly state that the artist cannot use the "facts of human history" in the fiction created. Nonetheless, he offers a stark dichotomy between the scholar and the artist. He writes:

"Thus it is the bounden duty of black America to begin this great work of the creation of Beauty, of the preservation of Beauty, of the realization of Beauty, and we must use in this work all the methods that men have used before. And what have been the tools of the artist in times gone by? First of all, he has used the Truth — not for the sake of truth, not as a scientist seeking truth, but as one upon whom Truth eternally thrusts itself as the highest handmaid of imagination, as the one great vehicle of universal understanding. Again artists have used Goodness — goodness in all its aspects of justice, honor and right — not for sake of an ethical sanction but as the one true method of gaining sympathy and human interest." [CNA 1926: ¶ 27]

It is in that context Du Bois writes in "Criteria" about the positive propaganda of depicting the good aspects of members of any and all races:

"Thus all Art is propaganda and ever must be, despite the wailing of the purists. I stand in utter shamelessness and say that whatever art I have for writing has been used always for propaganda for gaining the right of black folk to love and enjoy. I do not care a damn for any art that is not used for propaganda. But I do care when propaganda is confined to one side while the other is stripped and silent." [CNA 1926: ¶ 29]

This passage and these views by Du Bois evoke many responses in his time and ours.

For example, Zora Neale Hurston argues in the essay "Art and Such" that Race Men and Race Women, such as Du Bois himself and the fictional characters he creates, promote one rather limited range of experiences (Hurston 1938). She holds that African Americans are also individuals who embody a broad range of ideas, goals, and life situations. Accordingly, artists of all aesthetic forms must express this individual diversity, regardless of—or in spite of—the political goals of the race. In her essay "How It Feels to Be Colored Me" she conveys her personal experiences of blackness and individuality, and her exaltations, aggravations, and reflections on being a Black woman in the U.S.A. (Hurston 1928).

In "Criteria of Negro Art" Du Bois does not specifically consider how the role of the scholar/scientist, under conditions of nescience, might also take on the role of the author as activist.

[End of Appendix 2.]

SECTION 7: Works Cited

Martin Luther King, Jr., Why We Can't Wait (book cover)

SECTION 7: Works Cited

7.1. Works by W.E.B. Du Bois

Note: The in-text citations to Du Bois's works include an abbreviated title and year of publication. Below, the works are alphabetized by their abbreviated titles.

AATW. 1946. "An Appeal to the World: A Statement of Denial of Human Rights to Minorities in the Case of the Citizens of Negro Descent in the United States of America and an Appeal to the United Nations for Redress." W.E.B. Du Bois Papers. Special Collections & University Archives. University of Massachusetts Amherst Library. URL: http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b229-i021.

ATTC. 1906 [1995.] "Address to the Country." Pp.367-369 in David Levering Lewis (Ed.), W.E.B. Du Bois: A Reader. NY: H. Holt and Co.

AUPs. 1896-1916. Atlanta University Publications, various years. [Links to the AUPs are available at www.webdubois.org/wdb-AtlUniv.html].

AUP-8. 1903. The Negro Church. [Atlanta University Publication, Nr. 8 edited by Du Bois]. Atlanta, GA: Atlanta University Press.

AUP-21. 1941. "The First Phylon Institute." Edited by W.E.B. Du Bois. Phylon, v.2, 3rd Quarter; pp.275-288. Online: HathiTrust Digital Library.

AUP-22. 1943. The First Conference of Negro Land-Grant Colleges for Co-ordinating a Program of Cooperative Social Studies. Atlanta, GA: The Atlanta University Press.

AUP-23. 1944. The Second Conference of Negro Land-Grant Colleges for Co-ordinating a Program of Cooperative Social Studies. Atlanta, GA: The Atlanta University Press.

BFMB. 1959. Mansart Builds a School [Black Flame, Vol. 2]. NY: Mainstream Publishers.

BFOM. 1957. The Ordeal of Mansart. [Black Flame, Vol. 1]. NY: Mainstream Publishers.

BFTN. 1939 [4th Printing 1945]. Black Folk Then and Now: An Essay in the History and Sociology of the Negro Race. NY: Henry Holt and Company.

BFWC. 1961. Worlds of Color. [Black Flame, Vol. 3]. NY: Mainstream Publishers.

BREC. 1935. Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1880. NY: Harcourt Brace & Company.

CCBN. 1898. "Careers Open to College-Bred Negroes." Pp.1-14 in Two Addresses Delivered by Alumni of Fisk University in Connection with the Anniversary Exercise of Their Alma Mater, June, 1898. Nashville, TN: Fisk University Press. URL: http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b284-i004. [Pamphlet: Commencement addresses by Du Bois and Henry Hugh Proctor ("The Fisk Idea").]

CRDI. 1904. "Credo." The Independent, 57:2914 (6 October): 787.

DARK. 1920. Darkwater: Voices from within the Veil. NY: Harcourt, Brace and Howe. URL: www.webdubois.org/wdb-darkwater.html.

DRKP. 1928. Dark Princess. NY: Harcourt, Brace and Co.

DUSK. 1940. Dusk of Dawn. In W.E.B. Du Bois, Writings. Nathan Huggins (Ed.). NY: Library of America, 1980.

GBF. 1924. The Gift of Black Folk: The Negroes in the Making of America. Boston: Stratford Co. [NY: Washington Square Press, 1970].

HBGW. 1919. "An Essay Toward a History of the Black Man in the Great War." Crisis, 18:2 (June): 63-87.

IASC. 1905. "The Individual and Social Conscience" [Originally Untitled]. Pp.53-55 in Religious Education Association, The Aims of Religious Education. The Proceedings of the Third Annual Convention ..., 1905. Chicago: Executive Office of the R.E.A. URL: www.archive.org/details/proceedingsofann03reliuoft [or www.webdubois.org/dbIASC.html].

IMMT. 1935 [1928]. "Immortality." P.18 in We Believe in Immortality: Affirmations by One Hundred Men and Women, 2nd Edition. Sydney Dix Strong (Ed.). NY: Press of the Pioneers.

JAE. 1944. "Jacob and Esau." The Talladegan, 62:1 (November): 1-6. [Talladega College, Talladega, AL].

JB. 1909. John Brown. Philadelphia: G.W. Jacobs & Company.

LHA. 1956. Letter from W.E.B. Du Bois to Herbert Aptheker, 10 January 1956. Pp.394-396 in W.E.B. Du Bois, The Correspondence of W.E.B. Du Bois, Vol. III: Selections, 1944-1963. Herbert Aptheker (Ed.). Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1978.

MEPF. 1944. "My Evolving Program for Negro Freedom." Pp.31-70 in Rayford W. Logan (Ed.), What the Negro Wants. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. URL: www.webdubois.org/dbMyEvolvingPrgm.html.

NFVA. 1898. "The Negroes of Farmville, Virginia: A Social Study." Bulletin of the Department of Labor, No.14. (January): 1-38. URL: https://books.google.com/books?id=-MtGAQAAIAAJ.....

NIOL. 1905. "The Negro Ideals of Life." The Christian Register, 84.43 (October 26): 1197-1199.

OROM. 1920. "Of the Ruling of Men." Ch. VI in Du Bois, Darkwater (DARK 1920).

QSF. 1911. The Quest of the Silver Fleece. Chicago: A.C. McClurg. URL: www.webdubois.org/wdb-quest.html.

RAMA. 1961. "W.E.B. DuBois: A Recorded Autobiography; Interview with Moses Asch." Smithsonian Folkways Recordings (FW05511 / FH 5511). URL: http://www.folkways.si.edu/albumdetails.aspx?itemid=1031 (catalog page) [PDF: Liner notes (transcript)].

RITS. 1907. "Religion in the South." Ch. IV (pp.123-191) in Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. Du Bois, The Negro in the South: His Economic Progress in Relation to His Moral and Religious Development; Being the William Levi Bull Lectures for the Year 1907. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Company.

RSOD. 1939. "The Revelation of St. Orgne the Damned, 1939." W.E.B. Du Bois Papers. Special Collections & University Archives. University of Massachusetts Amherst Library. URL: http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b285-i144. [Commencement Address, Fisk University, 1938. Pamphlet published in Nashville, TN by Hemphill Press.]

SAST. 1896. The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade to the United States of America, 1638-1870. NY: Longmans, Green. URL: www.webdubois.org/wdb-sast.html.

SBF. 1903. The Souls of Black Folk. Chicago: A.C. McClurg. URL: www.webdubois.org/wdb-souls.html.

SOPE. 1937. "On the Scientific Objectivity of the Proposed Encyclopedia of the Negro and on Safeguards against the Intrusion of Propaganda." [Memorandum to Anson Phelps]. Pp.164-168 in Against Racism: Unpublished Essays, Papers, Addresses, 1887–1961. Herbert Aptheker (Ed.). Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1985.

TBF1, TBF2, TBF3. 1887-8. "Tom Brown at Fisk." The Fisk Herald. (TBF1–5:4, December 1887, pp.5-7; TBF2–5:5, January 1888, pp.6-7; TBF3–5:7, March 1888, pp.5-7).

TCAR. 1933. "The Church and Religion." The Crisis, 40:10 (October): 236-237. URL: www.webdubois.org/dbChurchAndReligion.html.

TMLK. 1956. "Telegram from W.E.B. Du Bois to Martin Luther King, Jr., ca. March 1956." W.E.B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312), Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries. URL: http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b145-i418.

TPAM. 1947. "The Pan-African Movement." Ch. 5 in George Padmore (Ed.), Colonial and Coloured Unity: A Programme of Action; History of the Pan-African Congress. London: Hammersmith Bookshop. URL: http://www.marxists.org/archive/padmore/1947/pan-african-congress/ch05.htm.

TPN. 1899. The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study. Philadelphia: Ginn. URL: www.webdubois.org/wdb-phila.html.

TPST. Undated Typescript, Ca. 1905. "The Princess Steel, 1905 ?" W.E.B. Du Bois Papers. Special Collections & University Archives. University of Massachusetts Amherst Library. URL: http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b236-i002.

UOBD. 1912. "The Upbuilding of Black Durham. The Success of the Negroes and Their Value to a Tolerant and Helpful Southern City." World's Work, v.23 (January): 334-338.

USIC. 1901. Du Bois Testimony before the U.S. Industrial Commission (13 February 1901): pp.159-175. Reports of the Industrial Commission; v.15. Washington, DC: GPO.

WCWP. 1985. Creative Writings by W.E.B. Du Bois: A Pageant, Poems, Short Stories, and Playlets. Herbert Aptheker, Editor. White Plains, NY: Kraus-Thomson Organization.

7.2. Works by Martin Luther King, Jr.

Note: The in-text citations to King's works include an abbreviated title and year of speech or publication. Below, the works are alphabetized by their abbreviated titles.

BV. 1967. "Beyond Vietnam." [Speech delivered in New York City, 4 April 1967]. Online at the King Encyclopedia.

OTLN. 1958. "Out of the Long Night." Gospel Messenger, 107:6 (8 February 1958): 3-4, 13-15. URL: https://archive.org/ details/ gospelmessengerv 107mors.

WDWG. 1967. "Where Do We Go From Here?" [Speech delivered at the 11th Annual SCLC Convention, Atlanta, Ga., 16 August 1967]. Online at the King Encyclopedia.

HDDB. 1968. "Honoring Dr. Du Bois." Freedomways, v.8; pp.104-111.

HDDB. 1970 [1968]. "Honoring Dr. Du Bois, 1970". S.l.: s.n. W.E.B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312), Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries. URL: http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b287-i008. [Credo metadata: "Contributor(s): Freedomways Associates"—the pamphlet's publisher].

TEOS. 1967. "The Three Evils of Society." [Speech delivered at the First Annual National Conference on New Politics, Chicago, 31 August 1967]. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change (YouTube channel). Duration: 43m10s. URL: https://youtube.com/watch?v=6sT9Hjh0cHM.

7.3. Works by Others

Aisch Gregor & K.K. Rebecca Lai. 2017. "The Conflicts Along 1,172 Miles of the Dakota Access Pipeline." New York Times, Updated 20 March 2017. (Originally published 23 November 2016). Online: Article.

Alexander, Shawn Leigh. 2015. W.E.B. Du Bois: An American Intellectual and Activist. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Baker, Joseph O. & Buster G. Smith. 2015. American Secularism: Cultural Contours of Nonreligious Belief Systems. NY: New York University Press.

Baldwin, Lewis V. 2016. Behind the Public Veil: The Humanness of Martin Luther King Jr. Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press.

Balfour, Lawrie. 2011. Democracy's Reconstruction: Thinking Politically with W.E.B. Du Bois. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

BlackLivesMatter.com [Website]. 2017. URL: https://blacklivesmatter.com.

Blight, David W. 1996. "'Swarthy Spectre at the Nation's Feast': W.E.B. Du Bois and American Historical Memory." Quaderno 5; pp.275-299. Digital Projects, Vanderbilt University Libraries. Online: Catalog Page.

Blum, Edward J. 2007. W.E.B. Du Bois, American Prophet. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Branch, Taylor. 1988. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-63. NY: Touchstone Books, Simon & Schuster.

Branch, Taylor. 2006. At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965-68. NY: Simon & Schuster.

Bromell, Nick. 2011. "W.E.B. Du Bois and the Enlargement of Democratic Theory." Raritan, 30:4 (Spring): 140-161.

Bromell, Nick. 2013. The Time is Always Now: Black Thought and the Transformation of US Democracy. NY: Oxford University Press.

Brown, Adrienne & Britt Rusert. 2015. "Introduction" to W.E.B. Du Bois, "The Princess Steel." PMLA, 130:3 (May): 819-829.

Bruns, Roger. 2006. Martin Luther King, Jr.: A Biography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Carson, Edward. 2018. "Race, Religion, and Radicalism: King and Du Bois." Black Perspectives. [Forum: W.E.B. Du Bois @ 150]. Posted 22 February 2018. Online: Article.

Davidow, Mike. 1968. "Wide Range of Notables at Memorial to DuBois." The Worker, Weekend Edition, (3 March): p.3. As contained in James Baldwin's declassified FBI Surveillance Files, No. 17 at p.11 via the Internet Archive. [Also printed in the U.S. Congressional Record–House, Vol.114 (12 March 1968): pp.6206-6207.

Dery, Mark. 1994. "Black to the Future: Interviews with Samuel R. Delany, Greg Tate, and Tricia Rose." Pp.179-222 in Mark Dery (Ed.): Flame Wars: The Discourse of Cyberculture. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Online: Document at Academia.edu.

Dorrien, Gary. 2015. The New Abolition: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Black Social Gospel. New Have: Yale University Press.

Du Bois, Shirley Graham. 1971. His Day Is Marching On: A Memoir of W.E.B. Du Bois. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott.

Elia, Adriano. 2016. "W.E.B. Du Bois's Proto-Afrofuturist Short Fiction: The Comet." Il Tolomeo, Vol. 18 (December). Online: Document at Academia.edu.

Ford III, James. E. 2014. "Honoring Dr. Du Bois: W.E.B. Du Bois, Martin Luther King, and the Black Radical Tradition." Presentation at the American Studies Association Annual Meeting. Online: Abstract.

Francesconi, Gino. 7 February 2018. Personal Email with the Director of the Carnegie Hall Archives and Museum.

Freedomways Associates. 1968. "The Du Bois Centennial: An International Year, ca. February 1969. [Program for the International Cultural Evening]. W.E.B. Du Bois Papers (MS 312), Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries. URL: http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b283-i007

Georgia Writers Hall of Fame. 2000. "W.E.B. Du Bois." University of Georgia Libraries. URL: Web page. [Du Bois was inducted in 2000].

Gooding-Williams, Robert. 2009. In the Shadow of Du Bois: Afro-Modern Political Thought in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Halpern, Martin. 2015. "Honoring Dr. Du Bois: Martin Luther King's Most Radical Speech." Afro-Americans in New York Life and History, 39:1 (January).

Horne, Gerald. 1985. Black and Red: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War, 1944-1963. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Horne, Gerald. 2010. W.E.B. Du Bois: A Biography. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press.

Hurston, Zora Neale. 1928. "How It Feels to Be Colored Me." World Tomorrow, v.11 (May 1928): 215-216. [Online plain text format that is part of the project "Mules and Men: An E-Text Edition," American Studies, University of Virginia: Essay].

Hurston, Zora Neale. 1938. "Art and Such." [Typescript of Draft: Page Facsimile]. Online at the Digital Public Library of America: Web Page. [The draft is part of the Stetson Kennedy Papers housed in the Digital Collections, Georgia State University Library.]

The Intercept [Website]. 2017. "Oil and Water: Standing Rock and the New War on Native Americans." Online: Web page.

Jackson, Troy. 2008. Becoming King: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Making of a National Leader. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky.

Johnson, Brian. 2008. W.E.B. Du Bois: Toward Agnosticism, 1868-1934. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Joseph, Peniel E. 2017. "Why Black Lives Matter Still Matters." New Republic. (6 April 2017). Online: Article.

Kahn, Jonathon. 2009. Divine Discontent: The Religious Imagination of W.E.B. DuBois. NY: Oxford University Press.

Lewis, David Levering. 1978. King: A Biography. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Lewis, David Levering. 1993. W.E.B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919. NY: Henry Holt and Co., Owl Books.

Lewis, David Levering. 2000. W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century 1919-1963. NY: Henry Holt & Company, Owl Books.

Lunt, Dennis. 2011. "'Excluded Wisdom': DuBois on the Meaning and Memory of Democracy." Conference presentation, 2011 Annual Meeting of the Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, Eastern Washington University. Online: SAAP archives (.doc).

McBride, Lee. 2004. "James and Du Bois: Overcoming Certain Blindnesses." Conference presentation, 31st Annual Meeting of The Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy, Birmingham. Online: SAAP archives.

Monteiro, Anthony. 2008. "W.E.B. Du Bois and the Study of Black Humanity: A Rediscovery." Journal of Black Studies, 38:4 (March): 600-621.

Morris, Aldon. 2015. The Scholar Denied: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Birth of Modern Sociology. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Morris, Aldon. 2017. "W.E.B. Du Bois at the Center: From Science, Civil Rights Movement, to Black Lives Matter." British Journal of Sociology, 68:1.

Mullen, Bill V. 2016. W.E.B. Du Bois: Revolutionary Across the Color Line. London: Pluto Press.

Parker, Theodore. 1853. "Justice and the Conscience", Sermon III in T. Parker, Ten Sermons of Religion. Boston: Crosby, Nichols, & Company. Online: Internet Archive.

Rabaka, Reiland. 2008. Du Bois's Dialectics: Black Radical Politics and the Reconstruction of Critical Social Theory. Lanham: Lexington Books.

Ruprecht Jr., Louis A. 2016. "Reclaiming the Radical Socialist, Martin Luther King, Jr." Sacred Matters: Religous Currents in Culture. (Posted 19 January 2016). Online: Article.

Sekou, Osagyefo Uhuru. 2014. "The Radical Gospel of Martin Luther King." Aljazeera America, Opinion. (Posted 20 January 2014). Online: Posting.

Selby, Gary. 2008. Martin Luther King and the Rhetoric of Freedom: The Exodus Narrative in America's Struggle for Civil Rights. Waco, TX: Baylor University Press.

Sinitiere, Philip Luke. 2012. "Of Faith and Fiction: Teaching W.E.B. Du Bois and Religion." The History Teacher, 45:3 (May): 421-436.

Sinitiere, Philip Luke. 2013. "A Legacy of Scholarship and Struggle: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Political Affairs of His Twilight Years." Political Affairs (August 26). Online: Article.

Smiley, Tavis (with David Ritz). 2014. Death of a King: The Real Story of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s Final Year. NY: Little, Brown and Company.

Sunnemark, Fredrik. 2004. Ring Out Freedom! The Voice of Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Making of the Civil Rights Movement. Bloomington. Indiana University Press.

U.S. F.B.I. Multiple Dates. James Baldwin, Declassified FBI Surveillance File. Online: Internet Archive.

U.S. F.B.I. Multiple Dates. Martin Luther King, Jr., Declassified FBI Surveillance File. Online: Internet Archive.

U.S. F.B.I. Multiple Dates. Stanley Levison, Declassified FBI Surveillance File. Online: Internet Archive.

West, Cornel. 2015. "Introduction: The Radical King We Don't Know". In King, Martin Luther, The Radical King. Cornel West, editor. Boston: Beacon Press, 2015.

Williams, Robert W. 2014a. "W.E.B. Du Bois and Positive Propaganda: A Philosophical Prelude to His Editorship of The Crisis." Pp.16-27 in Amy Helene Kirschke & Phillip Luke Sinitiere (Eds.), Protest and Propaganda: W.E.B. Du Bois, The Crisis, and American History. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.

Williams, Robert W. 2014b. "Embracing Philosophy: On Du Bois's 'The Individual and Social Conscience'." Phylon, 51:1 (Fall): 42-56.

Williams, Robert W. 2016. "W.E.B. Du Bois on Scientific Knowledge and Its Limits." Presentation: "Symposium Celebrating the 120th Anniversary of the Atlanta Sociological Laboratory and the Work of W.E.B. Du Bois," Clark Atlanta University, 25 February 2016.

Williams, Robert W. 2017. "W.E.B. Du Bois at the Horizon of History and Sociology." Presentation: Second Annual Conference of the African American Intellectual History Society, Vanderbilt University, 24 March 2017.

Wills Sr., Richard Wayne. 2009. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Image of God. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Womack, Ytasha L. 2013. Afrofuturism: The World of Black Sci-Fi and Fantasy Culture. Chicago: Chicago Review Press.

Wright II, Earl. 2016. The First American School of Sociology: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Atlanta Sociological Laboratory. Farnham, U.K.: Ashgate Publishing.

Yaszek, Lisa. 2006. "Afrofuturism, Science fiction, and the History of the Future." Socialism and Democracy Online, Issue Nr. 42, 20:3 (March). Online: Article.

Zuckerman, Phil (Ed.). 2000. Du Bois on Religion. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.

SECTION 8: Suggested Resources

Cirrus word cloud of webdubois.org index page (Voyant Tools)

SECTION 8: Suggested Resources

8.1. Suggested Resources: Texts

Note: This subsection presents further resources pertaining to the topics and persons discussed in this presentation:
•8.1.1. Suggested Texts by W.E.B. Du Bois
•8.1.2. Suggested Texts by Martin Luther King, Jr.
•8.1.3. Suggested Texts by Others

8.1.1. Suggested Texts by W.E.B. Du Bois

A68. 1968. The Autobiography of W.E.B. Du Bois: A Soliloquy on Viewing My Life from the Last Decade of Its First Century. NY: International Publishers.

AAFR. 1961. "Africa and the French Revolution." Freedomways, 1 (Summer): 136-151.

ALOA. 1906. "A Litany of Atlanta." The Independent, 61:3019 (11 October): 856-858.

AROW. 1915. "The African Roots of War." The Atlantic Monthly, 115:5 (May): 707-714. URL: www.webdubois.org/dbAfricanRWar.html.

ATLC. 1904. "The Atlanta Conferences." Voice of the Negro, 1:3 (March): 85-90. URL: www.webdubois.org/dbAtlantaConfs.html.

ATTC. 1906 [1995.] "Address to the Country." Pp.367-369 in David Levering Lewis (Ed.), W.E.B. Du Bois: A Reader. NY: H. Holt and Co.

BMBG. 1925. "The Black Man Brings His Gifts." The Survey Graphic, VI: 6 (March): 655-657, 710.

BTL. 1946. "Behold the Land." Freedomways, v.4 (Winter): 9-15.

CMNP. 1933. "Marxism and the Negro Problem." The Crisis, 40:5 (May): 103-4, 118.

DNNS. 1935. "Does the Negro Need Separate Schools?" Journal of Negro Education, 4:3 (July): 328-335.

FSAU. 1905. "Atlanta University." Pp.155-197 in American Unitarian Association, From Servitude To Service: Being the Old South Lectures on the History and Work of Southern Institutions for the Education of the Negro. Boston: American Unitarian Association.

FSTS. 1906. "From Servitude To Service: Old South Lecture on Atlanta University." [Atlanta:] Atlanta University Press. [A.U. reprinted Du Bois's FSAU book chapter as a stand-alone publication]. URL: http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100787421.

NBBS. 1899. "The Negro in the Black Belt: Some Social Sketches." Bulletin of the Department of Labor, No.22. (May): 401-417. URL: http://books.google.com/books?id=P2JZAAAAIAAJ.....

NFVA. 1898. "The Negroes of Farmville, Virginia: A Social Study." Bulletin of the Department of Labor, No.14. (January): 1-38. URL: https://books.google.com/books?id=-MtGAQAAIAAJ.....

NISN. 1901. "Negro in the South and the North." American Society for the Extension of University Teaching; Academic Years 1899-1901.

NLGA. 1901. "The Negro Landholder of Georgia." Bulletin of the Department of Labor, No.35. (July): 647-777. URL: https://archive.org/.../bulletinofdepart00unit#page/647....

SNP. 1898. "The Study of the Negro Problems." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 11 (January): 1-23. URL: www.webdubois.org/dbStudyofnprob.html.

SOCH. Ca. 1904-1905. "Sociology Hesitant." W.E.B. Du Bois Papers. Special Collections & University Archives. University of Massachusetts Amherst Library. URL: http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b212-i003 [Metadata indicates "ca. 1905" as the possible date of creation].

TAUC. 1903. "The Atlanta University Conferences." Charities, 10:18 (May 2): 435-439.

TCOR. 1897. "The Conservation of Races." The American Negro Academy Occasional Papers, No. 2. Washington, D.C.: American Negro Academy. URL: www.webdubois.org/dbConsrvOfRaces.html.

THYS. 1955. "Two Hundred Years of Segregated Schools." Jewish Life, (February). URL: http://jewishcurrents.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/jcarchive016.pdf.

TNC. 1930. "The Negro Citizen." Pp.461-470 in Charles S. Johnson, The Negro in Civilization. NY: Henry Holt and Company. URL: http://www.webdubois.org/dbTNCitizen.html.

8.1.2. Suggested Texts by Martin Luther King, Jr.

"Social Philosophy Seminar Outline." 1961-62. [Course taught at Morehouse College, AY 1961-1962]. Manuscript at the King Center.

"Letter from Birmingham Jail." 1963. [16 April 1963. Excerpted from King's book, Why We Can't Wait. Annotated via links]. Online at the King Encyclopedia.

"I Have a Dream." 1963. [Speech delivered at the March on Washington, 28 August 196]. Typescript at the King Center.

Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech. 1964. [Speech delivered at the Nobel Prize Ceremony, 10 December 1964]. Online at the King Encyclopedia.

"The American Dream." 1965. [Speech delivered at the Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, 4 July 1965]. Online at the King Encyclopedia.

"Guidelines for a Constructive Church." 1966. [Speech delivered at the Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, 5 June 1966]. Online at the King Encyclopedia.

"The Three Dimensions of a Complete Life." 1967. [Speech delivered at the New Covenant Baptist Church, Chicago, 9 April 1967]. Online at the King Encyclopedia.

"The Drum Major Instinct." 1968. [Speech delivered on 4 February 1968]. Online at the King Encyclopedia.

"I've Been to the Mountaintop." 1968. [Speech delivered in Memphis, 3 April 1968]. Online at the King Encyclopedia.

8.1.3. Suggested Texts by Others

Aiello, Thomas. 2016. The Battle for the Souls of Black Folk: W.E.B. Du Bois, Booker T. Washington, and the Debate That Shaped the Course of Civil Rights. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger [ABC-CLIO].

Allen Jr., Ernest. 1996. "On the Reading of Riddles: Rethinking Du Boisian 'Double Consciousness'." Pp.49-68 in Lewis R. Gordon (Ed.), Existence in Black: An Anthology of Black Existential Philosophy. NY: Routledge.

Allen Jr., Ernest. 2002. "Du Boisian Double Consciousness: The Unsustainable Argument." Massachusetts Review, 43:2 (Summer 2002): 217-253.

Armistead, Wilson. 1848. A Tribute for the Negro: Being a Vindication of the Moral, Intellectual, and Religious Capabilities of the Coloured Portion of Mankind; with Particular Reference to the African Race. Manchester, UK: William Irwin. URL: http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/armistead/armistead.html.

Bell, Bernard, Emily Grosholz, & James B. Stewart (Eds.). 1996. W.E.B. Du Bois on Race and Culture. NY: Routledge.

Bhambra, Gurminder K. 2016. "W.E.B. Du Bois in the Sociological Review." The Sociological Review [Online Collections]. September. Online: Web Page.

Blum, Edward J. & Jason R. Young (Eds.). 2009. The Souls of W.E.B. Du Bois: New Essays and Reflections. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.

Carby, Hazel. 1998. Race Men. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Carrington, Andre. 2016. Speculative Blackness: The Future of Race in Science Fiction. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Chandler, Nahum D. 2015. "Introduction." In W.E.B. Du Bois, The Problem of the Color Line at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: The Essential Early Essays. Edited by Nahum D. Chandler. Bronx, NY: Fordham University Press.

Cooper, Anna Julia. 1892. A Voice from the South. Xenia, Ohio: Aldine Printing House.

Cooper, Brittney C. 2017. Beyond Respectability: The Intellectual Thought of Race Women. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Douglass, Frederick. 1847. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. Boston: Anti-Slavery Office.

Edwards, Barrington. 2006. "W.E.B. Du Bois Between Worlds: Berlin, Empirical Social Research, and the Race Question." Du Bois Review, 3:2 (September): 395-424.

Gannett, Henry. 1894. Statistics of the Negroes in the United States. John F. Slater Fund Occasional Papers, No.4. Baltimore: Trustees of the John F. Slater Fund.

Gannett, Henry. 1895. Occupations of the Negroes. John F. Slater Fund Occasional Papers, No.6. Baltimore: Trustees of the John F. Slater Fund.

Gilkes, Cheryl Townsend. 1996. "The Margin as the Center of a Theory of History: African-American Women, Social Change, and the Sociology of W.E.B. Du Bois." Pp.139-160 in W.E.B. Du Bois on Race and Culture. Bernard Bell, Emily Grosholz, & James B. Stewart (Eds.). NY: Routledge.

Gooding-Williams, Robert. 2017. "W.E.B. Du Bois." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 Edition). Edward N. Zalta (Ed.). URL: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/dubois.

Gordon, Lewis. 2000. "Du Bois's Humanistic Philosophy of Human Sciences." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, v.568 (March): 265-280.

Gordon, Lewis. 2008. An Introduction to Africana Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Gordon, Lewis (Ed.). 1996. Existence in Black: An Anthology of Black Existential Philosophy. NY: Routledge.

Griffin, Farah. 2000. "Black Feminists and Du Bois: Respectability, Protection, and Beyond." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 568 (March): 265-80.

Guy-Sheftall, Beverly. 1990. Daughters of Sorrow: Attitudes toward Black Women, 1880-1920. Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publishing.

Hancock, Ange-Marie. 2005. "W.E.B. Du Bois: Intellectual Forefather of Intersectionality?" Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society, 7:3-4; pp.74-84.

Katz, Michael & Thomas Sugrue (Eds.). 1998. W.E.B. DuBois, Race, and the City: The Philadelphia Negro and Its Legacy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Lott, Tommy Lee & John P. Pittman (Eds.). 2003. A Companion to African-American Philosophy. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

Marable, Manning. 1986. W.E.B. Du Bois: Radical Democrat. Boston: Twayne.

Meier, Allison. 2016. "W.E.B. Du Bois's Modernist Data Visualizations of Black Life." Hyperallergic. Posted 4 July 2016. URL: http://hyperallergic.com/306559/w-e-b-du-boiss-modernist.

Mossell, Sadie Tanner. 1921. The Standard of Living among One Hundred Negro Migrant Families in Philadelphia. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, v.98 (November).

Obuobi, Samantha R. 2015. "The Sociological Tradition of Public Health." The Backbone Journal [W. Montague Cobb Research Laboratory, Howard University], 1:1 (Spring). Online: Article.

Oliver, Lawrence J. 2014. "W.E.B. Du Bois and the Dismal Science: Economic Theory and Social Justice." American Studies, 53:2; pp.49-70.

Outlaw Jr., Lucius T. 2000. "W.E.B. Du Bois on the Study of Social Problems." Annals of the American Academy of Political & Social Science, v.568 (March): 281-297.

Outlaw Jr., Lucius T. 2010. "Africana Philosophy." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2010 Edition). Edward N. Zalta (Ed.). URL: http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2010/entries/africana.

Rabaka, Reiland. 2010. Against Epistemic Apartheid: W.E.B. Du Bois and the Disciplinary Decadence of Sociology. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.

Rampersad, Arnold. 1990. The Art and Imagination of W.E.B. Du Bois. NY: Schocken Books.

Rath, Richard Cullen. 1997. "Echo and Narcissus: The Afrocentric Pragmatism of W.E.B. Du Bois." The Journal of American History, 84:2 (September): 461-495.

Reed, Adolph L. 1999. W.E.B. Du Bois and American Political Thought: Fabianism and the Color Line. NY: Oxford University Press.

Rogers, Melvin. 2012. "The People, Rhetoric, and Affect: On the Political Force of Du Bois' The Souls of Black Folk." American Political Science Review, 106:1 (February): 188-203.

Rusert, Britt. 2017. Fugitive Science: Empiricism and Freedom in Early African American Culture. NY: New York University Press.

Schafer, Axel R. 2001. "W.E.B. Du Bois, German Social Thought, and the Racial Divide in American Progressivism, 1892-1909." The Journal of American History, 88:3 (December): 925-949.

Taylor, Paul C. 2010. "W.E.B. Du Bois." Philosophy Compass, 5:11 (November): 904-915.

van Veen, Tobias C. 2013. "Vessels of Transfer: Allegories of Afrofuturism in Jeff Mills and Janelle Monáe." Dancecult: Journal of Electronic Dance Music Culture, 5:2; pp.7–41. Online: Journal page with PDF link. Online: Document at Academia.edu.

Washington, Booker T. c.1901. Up From Slavery: An Autobiography. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co. URL: http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/washington/washing.html

Wells-Barnett, Ida B. 1892. Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases. New York Age Printing. URL: http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14975

Wells-Barnett, Ida B. 1895. The Red Record: Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynching in the United States. Chicago: Donohue & Henneberry, Printers, Binders, and Engravers. URL: http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14977

West, Cornel. 1989. The American Evasion of Philosophy: A Genealogy of Pragmatism. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

West, Cornel. 1996. "Black Strivings in a Twilight Civilization." In Henry Lois Gates & Cornel West, The Future of the Race. NY: Vintage Books.

West, Cornel. 2003. "Philosophy and the Afro-American Experience." Pp.7-32 in Tommy Lee Lott & John P. Pittman (Eds.), A Companion to African-American Philosophy. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

White, Kellee. 2011. "The Sustaining Relevance of W.E.B. Du Bois to Health Disparities Research." Du Bois Review, 8:1 (Fall): 285-293.

Williams, Robert W. 2005. "W.E.B. Du Bois and His Social-Scientific Research: A Review of Online Texts." Sociation Today, 3:2 (Fall). URL: http://www.ncsociology.org/sociationtoday/v32/williams.htm.

Williams, Robert W. 2006. "The Early Social Science of W.E.B. Du Bois." Du Bois Review, 3:2 (September): 365-394.

Williams, Robert W. 2009a. "Atlanta University School of Sociological Research". Pp.37-40 in Helen Taylor Greene & Shaun L. Gabbidon (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Race and Crime. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Williams, Robert W. 2009b. "Paradoxes of the South in W.E.B. Du Bois's The Souls of Black Folk." Mississippi Quarterly, 62:1-2 (Winter-Spring): 71-94.

Williams, Robert W. 2010. "Politics, Rights, and Spatiality in W.E.B. Du Bois's 'Address to the Country' (1906)". Journal of African American Studies, 14:3 (September): 337-358.

Williams, Robert W. 2018. "A Democracy of Differences: Knowledge and the Unknowable in Du Bois's Theory of Democratic Governance." Pp.181-203 in A Political Companion to W.E.B. Du Bois. Nick Bromell (Ed.). Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

Williams, Robert W. & W.E.B. Du Bois [Primary source]. 2012. "'The Sacred Unity in All the Diversity': The Text and a Thematic Analysis of W.E.B. Du Bois's 'The Individual and Social Conscience' (1905)." Journal of African American Studies, 16:3 (September): 456-497. [Available online as a PDF preprint version].

Wright II, Earl. 2002. "The Atlanta Sociological Laboratory 1896-1924: A Historical Account of the First American School of Sociology." Western Journal of Black Studies, 26:3 (Fall): 165-174.

Young, Jr., Alford A. & Donald R. Deskins, Jr. 2001. "Early Traditions of African-American Sociological Thought." Annual Review of Sociology, v.27: 445-477.

Zamir, Shamoon. 1995. Dark Voices: W.E.B. Du Bois and American Thought, 1888-1903. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Zuberi, Tukufu. 2004. "W.E.B. DuBois's Sociology: The Philadelphia Negro and Social Science." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, v.595 (September): 146-156.

Zuckerman, Phil (Ed.). 2004. The Social Theory of W.E.B. Du Bois. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.

8.2. Suggested Resources: Websites and Blogs

Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. N.D. URL: Online Search for Du Bois's primary sources. Also viewable online: Finding Aid for Du Bois.

The Black Past: The Online Reference Guide to African American History. N.D. URL: http://www.blackpast.org. [Dr. Quintard Taylor, Creator].

"Black Perspectives" [Blog]. N.D. URL: http://www.aaihs.org/black-perspectives/. [Blog of the African American Intellectual History Society (AAIHS)].

Brother Malcolm. N.D. URL: http://www.brothermalcolm.net. [Dr. Abdul Alkalimat, Website Creator].

Credo Repository, Special Collections and University Archives, W.E.B. Du Bois Library at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. N.D. URL: online searching. Also available online: Finding Aid for the Du Bois Papers.

Diaspora Hypertext, the Blog. N.D. URL: http://dh.jmjafrx.com. [Dr. Jessica Marie Johnson, Website Creator].

Digital Schomburg, African American Women Writers of the 19th Century. N.D. URL: http://digital.nypl.org/schomburg/writers_aa19/.

The Encyclopaedia Africana Project (Accra, Ghana). N.D. URL: http://www.endarkenment.com/eap/legacy/scholars/index.htm.

"F.B. Eyes Digital Archive: FBI Files on African American Authors and Literary Institutions Obtained through the U.S. Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)". Online: Website.

Fisk University Library, The Special Collections and Archives. N.D. Online: Web Page [Scroll down for a link to a PDF finding aid for the Du Bois papers].

HBCU Library Alliance Digital Collection, Robert W. Woodruff Library at the Atlanta University Center. N.D. URL: http://contentdm.auctr.edu/cdm/.

The King Center, Archive. N.D. [Atlanta, GA]. URL: http://thekingcenter.org/archive.

The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Educational Institute. N.D. [Stanford, CA]. URL: https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu.

The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Educational Institute, King Encyclopedia. N.D. [Stanford, CA]. Online: Website.

The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Educational Institute, Online King Records Access. N.D. [Stanford, CA]. URL: https://okra.stanford.edu.

Movement for Black Lives. N.D. URL: https://policy.m4bl.org.

National Museum of African American History and Culture (Smithsonian Institute). ND. Online: Home. Collections Online: Search Page.

Society for the Advancement of American Philosophy (SAAP). N.D. URL: http://www.american-philosophy.org.

Society for US Intellectual History (S-USIH). N.D. URL: https://s-usih.org.

Earl Wright II. N.D. URL: https://earlwrightii.com.

8.3. Suggested Resources: Videos and Podcasts

Aiello, Thomas. 2016. "The Battle for the Souls of Black Folk: W.E.B. Du Bois, Booker T. Washington, and the Debate That Shaped the Course of Civil Rights." James Stancil, Interviewer. African American Studies Channel, New Books Network. Online: Podcast. [Date: 14 October 2016; 42:26].

Alexander, Shawn. 2015. "Shawn Leigh Alexander Interview on New Biography of W.E.B. Du Bois." Hopeton Hay, Interviewer. KAZI 88.7 FM Radio (Austin, TX). Online: Podcast. [Book: W.E.B. Du Bois: An American Intellectual and Activist; 28:22].

Battle-Baptiste, Whitney. 2016. "#Du Bois: Engaging the Scholarship of W.E.B. Du Bois in the Digital Age." Commonwealth Honors College, University of Massachusetts Amherst. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAtfawRDG74. [Posted: 3 November 2016; 53:29].

Cooper, Brittney C. 2017. "Beyond Respectability: The Intellectual Thought of Race Women." Lilly Goren, Interviewer. Political Science Channel, New Books Network. Online: Podcast. [Date: 26 June 2017; 50:51].

Carrington, Andre. 2016. "Speculative Blackness: The Future of Race in Science Fiction." James Stancil, Interviewer. African American Studies Channel, New Books Network. Online: Podcast. [Date: 3 March 2016; 63:37].

Carson, Clayborne. 2007. "African-American History: The Modern Freedom Struggle." [Stanford University Course, Multiple Lectures: 18-19 videos]. Online: YouTube. Online: iTunes.

Dakota Access Pipeline. [News Videos at Democracy Now! (YouTube)]. N.D. Online: Search results.

Du Bois, Shirley Graham. 1970. "Shirley Graham Du Bois speaking at UCLA 11/13/70". URL: http://youtube.com/watch?v=u3mhM3bHCZ8. [No posted date; 1:40:41].

Garza, Alicia. 2016. "Alice Garza: Black Lives Matter." Chicago Humanities Festival. URL: https://youtube.com/watch?v=SHqlcrk_hag. [Posted: 10 May 2016; 53:18].

Garza, Alicia & Stan Grant. 2016. "Alice Garza and Stan Grant – Why Black Lives Matter." Sydney Opera House Talks & Ideas. URL: https://youtube.com/watch?v=mGPWTlpXS5o. [Posted: 4 September 2016; 1:08:41].

Glaude Jr., Eddie. 2017. "An Uncommon Faith: W.E.B. Du Bois and African American Religion." URL: https://youtube.com/watch?v=DA-Z2eOKQas. [Thomas L. Benson Lecture at Green Mountain College on 3 May 2017; 1:26:00].

Jones, Josh. 2017. "Watch a 5-Part Animated Primer on Afrofuturism, the Black Sci-Fi Phenomenon Inspired by Sun Ra." URL: http://www.openculture.com/2017/03/animated-primer-on-afrofuturism.html. [Posted: 9 March 2017].

Kahiu, Wanuri. 2012. "Afrofuturism in Popular Culture." TEDx Nairobi. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PvxOLVaV2YY. [July 2012; 15:12].

Madison, Ed. 2013. "WEB Du Bois Center – Ghana West Africa – Personal Library." URL: https://youtube.com/watch?v=qCzSKHkCkXs. [Posted: 1 September 2013; 3:22].

Mullen, Bill V. 2016. "W.E.B. Du Bois: Revolutionary Across the Color Line." James Stancil, Interviewer. African American Studies Channel, New Books Network. Online: Podcast. [Date: 17 December 2016; 50:07].

Okorafor, Nnedi. 2017. "Sci-fi Stories that Imagine a Future Africa | Nnedi Okorafor." TEDx Global, Arusha Tanzania. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mt0PiXLvYlU. [Posted: 22 November 2017; 9:20].

PBS NewsHour. 2016. "Tribes across North America Converge at Standing Rock, Hoping to Be Heard." URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-EQ7BuhQq4. [Posted: 16 September 2016; 8:58].

Pinn, Anthony. 2017. "The Problem Soul and Life Without Appeal." URL: https://youtube.com/watch?v=kUHWUR-Hwpo. [Lecture at Harvard Divinity School on 9 March 2017; 1:21:00].

"Pumzi." 2009. Wanuri Kahiu, Writer and Director. URL: https://youtube.com/watch?v=IIR7I_B86Fc. [21:50].

Repairers of the Breach. 2017. "Watch Night Service Sermon | Rev. Dr. William J. Barber, II." URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v-AC8TrWnYY. [Posted: 5 January 2017; 29:59].

Rusert, Britt. 2017. "Fugitive Science: Empiricism and Freedom in Early African American Culture." James Stancil, Interviewer. African American Studies Channel, New Books Network. Online: Podcast. [Date: 26 May 2017; 43:38].

Shelby, Tommie & Brandon Terry. 2018. "The Political Philosophy of Martin Luther King, Jr." WBUR Radio Boston. Online: Podcast. [Broadcast: 15 January 2018; 21:29].

The Stream (Al Jazeera English). 2016. "The Stream – Pipeline Standoff at Standing Rock." URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycupu6z4gEE. [Posted 26 August 2016; 35:44].

The Stream (Al Jazeera English). 2017. "The Stream – Reverend William Barber's Moral Movement." URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbS8o7ISuoY. [Posted: 13 February 2017; 25:10].

Sun Ra. 1971. "The Power of Words." Online: Podcast at UBU Sound. [Lecture at the University of California, Berkeley; part of his course "The Black Man in the Cosmos"].

Womack, Ytasha. 2017. "Ytasha Womack – Afrofuturism: Imagination and Humanity." Sonic Acts Festival (Amsterdam, 26 February 2017). URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xlF90sXVfKk. [Posted: 14 June 2017; 25:10].

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0.2. About this Presentation [Delivered on 23 February 2018]

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